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SEXUAL 

ANATOMY 

AND 

PHYSIOLOGY 


By 

BERNARD BERNARD 

Phys. B., M. S. P., M. P. C. (Lond.) 

and 

T. J. ALLEN, M. A., M. D. 



Health and Life Publications 
333 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. 




Copyright 

lu United States of America and Great Britain by 
Bebnard Bernard. 


PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



NOV 23 23 


I 





SEXUAL 
ANATOMY 
and PHYSIOLOGY 

By 

BERNARD BERNARD 

Phys. B., M. S. P., M. P. C. (Lond.), 
Editor of “Health and Life” 

Author of “Beginning Marriage”, “Sex Develop¬ 
ment”, Etc. 


and 


THOMAS ALLEN, M. D. 

Originator of the Daily Health Hint feature of 
the newspaper, fifteen years physician super¬ 
intendent of sanitariums at Battle Creek, 
Eureka Springs and Elmhurst, Etc. 



































» 

















SPECIAL INTRODUCTION. 

By Thomas J. Allen, M. D. 

A few years ago I was invited by the 
president and secretary of the Feder¬ 
ated Women’s Clubs of the State of 
Oklahoma to give a course of lectures at 
their state convention at Chickasa, Okla., 
on subjects of special interest to women. 

It may be presumed that such a body 
of women would represent the highest 
intelligence of American women, since 
that state is settled chiefly by the best 
classes of people from the older states. 
Yet, in a consultation one women asked 
if I thought her trouble was due prin¬ 
cipally to prostatitis, as she said a 
woman doctor had suggested to her, and 
another asked whether it were natural 
that one kidney should be lower than the 
other in a boy. 

In proportion as the sexual life is 
fundamental, a knowledge of the 
anatomy and physiology of sex is im- 


4 


Sexual Anatomy 


portant. The school text books of physi¬ 
ology and hygiene have always ex¬ 
cluded the treatment of this department, 
properly enough, no doubt, on the theory 
that such knowledge should be carefully 
imparted by the parents, at the appro¬ 
priate periods. But how little qualified 
the average parent is to give such in¬ 
struction may be judged from the cir¬ 
cumstance above mentioned, which 
comes to me at the moment as I ponder 

to consider how best I mav illustrate 

•/ 

the unfortunate ignorance that still ex¬ 
ists on this vital subject. 

The women of certain eastern coun¬ 
tries cover their faces with a veil when 
they appear in public, so that their 
charms may be hidden from the gaze of 
the vulgar of the opposite sex. We can 
readily agree that a beautiful face 
should excite onlv admiration and a feel- 
ing of emulation; and, in an ideal state 
of society, of individual purity, that 
would be true of the entire form. But 
such ideal conditions do not exist—do 
not exist even in the less sacred. 


and Physiology 


5 


Whatever objections might be made to 
presenting the important information 
contained in this book in an indiscrimi¬ 
nate way, there can be none to giving 
it in the proper way in which it is here 
presented for adults, and especially for 
parents and for those looking forward 
to marriage and to parenthood. To all 
such the information contained in the 
volume is of vital importance. 

It is important to recognize the fact 
that acquired characteristics are trans¬ 
missible—that the parent can transmit 
to the child a better physical constitu¬ 
tion than that with which he or she 
was endowed, that nobility and stabil¬ 
ity of character, acquired after the 
weaknesses incident to youth and to 
ignorance have been surpassed, a better 
physical, mental and moral constitution 
can be transmitted to the child. Most 
great men and women have been young¬ 
er children of younger children, born 
after the parents and grandparents had 
developed the superior qualities with 


6 


Sexual. Anatomy 


which they were endowed, as in the con¬ 
spicuous case of Benjamin Franklin. 

The view here presented in regard to 
prenatal influences I have found to be 
correct from the observation of many 
cases. I have seen cases in which the 
mother might have prevented the in¬ 
heritance of most undesirable qualities 
or habits in the child had the impor¬ 
tance of prenatal influence been duly 
recognized and a reasonable degree of 
industry exercised to prevent harmful 
results. Moreover, by the proper in¬ 
fluence, qualities may be developed in 
the child which will be a source of satis¬ 
faction to the parent for life. 

There is still a difference of opinion 
as to the factors that influence the de¬ 
termination of sex, but the major in¬ 
fluences are known, and these should be 
complied with in the cultivation of those 
qualities that give the chief distinctions 
of manliness and womanliness. The 
best qualities of the father should be 
transmitted to the daughter through the 
mother and vice versa. 


and Physiology 


7 


We are just beginning to realize how 
serious has been our loss due to the lack 
of such knowledge as that imparted in 
this book. We hope that it may have a 
wide reading. 

Thomas J. Allen, M. D. 

Elmhurst, Ill., August, 1923. 



PREFACE. 


The sacredness of the subject of sex 
is recognized by all people of a refined 
nature. It is for this very reason that 
there is so much objection to sex litera¬ 
ture which lias any tendency to be vul¬ 
gar. 

In all my books, and in “ Health and 
Life” Magazine, it has been my en¬ 
deavor to maintain this sacredness of 
sex, and to make an appeal for purity 
and idealism, while spreading an en¬ 
lightenment that will enable human 
beings to obtain the maximum of joy in 
life and love, and especially assist them 
in steering clear of the dangers of life 
which are only too abundant for those 
who remain in ignorance. 

This work of “Sexual Anatomy and 
Physiology” is like an ordinary text 
book, but throughout, I have endeavored 
to saturate my remarks with the ideal¬ 
ism and reverence for my subect that I 
feel is so essential in its treatment. 


10 


Sexual Anatomy 


It is obviously necessary for every 
person to be in possession of a knowl¬ 
edge of the structure and functions of 
the organs of reproduction, which are 
not purely organs of reproduction but 
are also the organs which function in 
co-operation with the very highest 
sentiments and emotions of human na¬ 
ture. However, I have spared no pains 
to make my meaning clear, and I shall 
not hesitate to say exactly what I mean. 
In this way I hope to avoid the insinua¬ 
tions and innunendos which I believe to 
be so seriously suggestive of impurity 
and prudery. 

It is extraordinary how few people 
really know the anatomy and physiology 
of the sex organs, from a scientific stand¬ 
point. The chief reason is, of course, 
that the subject of sex has been shunned 
by the majority of respectable people. 
The cause for this is that sex has been 
considered some vile thing which only 
lowers or degrades human kind. But, 
as I have been endeavoring to expound 
all my life, it is the abuse of sex and 
seeking to make sex a means of sensual 


and Physiology 


11 


pleasure, that reaps such horrible re¬ 
sults and is such an enormous curse to 
mankind. On the other hand, the correct 
/ use of the function is associated with all 
that is beautiful, refined and good. 

It is to enable human beings to obtain 
this sane view of sex, and to allow it 
its proper place in life (that is, as a 
means to joy and life, and not for sen¬ 
sual pleasure) that I am writing this 
book, and, in fact, that I compile any of 
my writings. 

I hope that this book will prove of 
universal value to adults, for it is only 
intended for adults. I do not believe 
that children need the information con¬ 
tained in this book, although they should 
be given some reliable sex information 
and warning as early as they can pos¬ 
sibly understand. 

My whole endeavor is to put sex in its 
right place in human life. There are 
some people who ignore it, and ruin 
their lives in consequence. There are 
some people also who make a god of it, 
and also ruin their lives in consequence. 
Many a true and good man and wife 


12 


Sexual Anatomy 


have been separated from each other be¬ 
cause they believed that the function 
was something which should be kept out 
of their lives as much as possible. They 
should, instead, see in it a unifying fac¬ 
tor which will enable them to express 
their love and finer feelings for each 
other. 

Other people, on account of the uni¬ 
versal ignorance surrounding this sub¬ 
ject, are endeavoring to obtain more 
from the function than it is possible to 
get. They strive for physical satisfac¬ 
tion and sensual enjoyment, and what 
they get is mental and physical ineffi¬ 
ciency, weakness, moral degradation, 
sometimes disease; but hardly ever do 
they get any true enjoyment. 

Sex is only a small part of life. He 
who would magnify it into a god, de¬ 
stroys it entirely. Sex is a means for 
the perpetuation of life. Let it not be 
misunderstood, let it be fully realized, 
that it is the function through which 
man hands down Life from generation 
to generation. In this respect it is un¬ 
doubtedly the very first and most im- 


and Physiology 


13 


portant of all human functions, and it 
is therefore the most sacred. What is 
more beautiful than the sight of a babe 
nestling in the arms of its mother! 
What is more glorious than the love that 
exists between that mother and her 
child! Then what can be more sacred 
than the relationship between mother 
and father of that child which begets all 
this loveliness! Truly, the degrada¬ 
tion of this function is the greatest sin, 
and it is not to be wondered at that it 
leaves in its train such serious conse¬ 
quences. The worst and most horrible 
diseases are associated with unnatural 
indulgence between the sexes. The most 
degrading and weakening conditions of 
the body are set up by solitary abuse of 
the function; and then, again, sentiment, 
emotion, love, and life itself, are with¬ 
ered and handicapped by denial of the 
natural function. 

Every person has a right to live and 
seek happiness. Every person, there¬ 
fore, has the right to the joys of love. 
Those things which destroy love and 
happiness should be avoided like de- 


14 


Sexual Anatomy 


mons, while those things which make for 
more abundance of life and love should 
be encouraged. A sound knowledge of 
the anatomy and physiology of sex will 
make for the appreciation of the beau¬ 
tiful things associated with life and love, 
and will enable human beings to see 
what the apparatus consists of which is 
associated with life and love. Above all, 
this knowledge will show clearly the del¬ 
icate nature of this apparatus, and so 
assist in the avoidance of those things 
which make for weakness, illness and dis¬ 
ease, and will enable human beings so to 
grow and conduct themselves that when 
the time comes for the relationship 
which means an expression of the unity 
of human kind and the handing down of 
life to the next generation, there shall 
be full appreciation and experience of 
the communion as the supreme act of 
love. 

There will then arise a humanity that 
is healthy, strong and beautiful in mind, 
body and morals. Strife within matri¬ 
mony will cease, and love will predomi¬ 
nate. This is not a mere dream, it is 


and Physiology 


15 


the experience of those who have fol¬ 
lowed out the philosophy I have endeav¬ 
ored to spread in my works. Every day 
1 receive hundreds of letters from those 
who have read my messages, and they 
tell me the truth of what I write here. 
What knowledge, idealism and love have 
done for them, it can do for every other 
human being. 






INTRODUCTION 


In order to understand the physiology 
of the sex organs, it is absolutely essen¬ 
tial to know something about the anat¬ 
omy of them. Anatomy is the science of 
structure, and physiology is the science 
of function. The function of any organ 
is dependent on the structure of that 
organ. The structure of the organ is de¬ 
termined to a great extent by the func¬ 
tion of the organ. 

Thus it is possible for an experienced 
anatomist and physiologist to ascertain 
from the structure approximately what 
the function will he. On the other hand, 
it will he possible for him to expect a 
certain structure from a certain func¬ 
tion. Structure and function therefore 
are correlative. As a matter of fact, it 
has been the interaction, or interde¬ 
pendence, or unity, as we might say, that 
has resulted in the evolution of them. 

It is only possible to obtain certain 
functions from certain structures. It 


18 


Sexual Anatomy 


would be impossible, for instance, for an 
organism without wings to fly. On the 
other hand, it is the continuous function¬ 
ing of the wings that develops them. This 
has been the process of evolution. Or¬ 
gans first made their appearance as 
small structures, and by the functioning, 
or use, of these structures, they are de¬ 
veloped ; but only as they are developed, 
do the functions become more perfect. 

This same relationship exists in re¬ 
gard to the anatomy and physiology of 
sex. In the lowest forms of life, there 
are no sex organs at all. The sex func¬ 
tion, we might almost say, is non-exist¬ 
ent. The means by which the lowest 
forms of life reproduce is by simple 
cleavage from one into two individuals. 
For more of this information you should 
read my book “Sex Development .’ 9 

Human beings, therefore, possess the 
most delicate, complex and sensitive sex 
organs of all organisms. Moreover, as¬ 
sociated with what we might call the 
pure anatomy and physiology of sex, 
are all the other functions of the human 
body. It is impossible to interfere with 


and Physiology 


19 


the sex apparatus and functions without 
effect on other parts of the body. There 
is no part of the body that is not in¬ 
fluenced by sex. 

One has but to observe the difference 
between male and female in human 
beings to see how true this is. A woman 
is a woman in all her nature, and a man 
is a man in all his nature. We mark off 
primary and secondary characters, but 
it is merely a matter of convenience. 
We find not only the primary organs dis¬ 
tinct in woman, but also the secondary 
sexual characters are very definite. The 
fingers, the arms, the size of the head, 
the delicate and soft skin, the nature of 
the muscular tissue, the waist, the chest, 
whatever portion of the anatomy we 
care to examine, we find that there is 
a definite femaleness, or femininity, as¬ 
sociated with it. The same applies to 
man. His primary organs, his face, his 
skin, his hard muscles, his large hands 
and head, his whole disposition, every 
portion of his being has the pecularity 
of maleness. 

If we inhibit the function of sex, we 


20 


Sexual Anatomy 


find a correlating disturbance in every 
portion of tlie anatomy. Everybody 
knows that if a woman does not get mar¬ 
ried, she becomes withered and frigid; 
she becomes hysterical; her functions 
become irregular; not only sex function 
but other functions as well. Her mental 
outlook becomes distorted also. The 
same applies to man, and if a man has 
his testes removed, he changes in char¬ 
acter completely; his voice changes, he 
becomes beardless, his flesh becomes 
flabby, muscularity disappears; and so 
we might go on detecting a difference 
in every part of his body. 

Sex is inextricably bound up in every 
function and structure of the human 
being. 

Our work in this book, however, will 
be to confine ourselves chiefly to what 
are known as the primary and secondary 
organs, so that we may know their form 
or structure, and know their relation¬ 
ship to each other, and also the func¬ 
tions peculiar to them. 

I do not wish to invade other prov- 


and Physiology 


21 


inces of study in this book, but I really 
do hope that it will he of use in assist¬ 
ing you to unravel other problems of 
life. I believe that it is absolutely es¬ 
sential for people to understand the na¬ 
ture of sex. If they do not, I think that 
they cannot understand other problems 
of life. Recently there has been much 
discussion as to the equality of the 
sexes. It is impossible to discuss this 
question at all intelligently without a 
knowledge of the differences of the 
sexes. Most of those who talk about 
equality conceive of man and woman as 
two separate species of human beings, in¬ 
stead of just two parts of a single unit. 
The real unit is the human family, and 
the human family consists of a mother, 
a father and children. It is impossible 
to divide them up and expect to have 
a workable system. The woman has the 
mother’s part to play, and the man has 
the father’s part to play. This does not 
imply that the woman’s place is the 
home while the man’s place is the fac¬ 
tory, or any nonsense of that descrip- 


22 


Sexual Anatomy 


tion. It does recognize, however, that 
there must be harmony and agreement 
between male and female, between 
father and mother, and that the thoughts 
and acts of each will be expressions of 
both. 

In times gone by, women have been 
subjected because they were looked upon 
as some lower form of human life, ex¬ 
isting for the convenience of man. 
Women, of course, have been not a little 
to blame for this, because they have al¬ 
lowed themselves to be humored by 
men, but it is the stage of social evo¬ 
lution which is really to blame, because 
of the economic dependence of women 
upon men. 

However, I want to insist that the 
ideal in human life is to realize absolute 
unity between husband and wife, so that 
whatever each does, will be an expression 
of the oneness of both. Where this 
philosophy is adopted, it means happi¬ 
ness and joy in life. There can then 
be no petty strife or quarrels. There 
will always be the same endeavor to 


and Physiology 


23 


understand. The husband will endeavor 
always to give to his beloved wife all 
that he has, while she will always give 
to him all that it is in her possession to 
give. There is nothing which they pos¬ 
sess which they should look upon as in¬ 
dividual property. Even their thoughts 
belong to both of them, and neither 
should say that that was my particular 
thought, or that was my particular piece 
of work. Whatever happens is the out¬ 
come of the unity of the two human 
beings now become one. 

This is the future superman, and it 
is going to become a general reality 
through knowledge and recognition of 
the responsibilities, privileges and obli¬ 
gations of sex life. It is therefore so 
necessary that we bury our old ideas of 
sex as a thing which is vile in itself, and 
see in it the real factor for progress, 
love and development which it means to 
humanity. 

In my detailing of the various organs 
of sex, I have endeavored to be as ex¬ 
plicit as possible. I have expressed my- 


24 


Sexual Anatomy 


self in a plain, blunt, yet careful man¬ 
ner; so please excuse any expression 
which may appeal to you as not suffi¬ 
ciently reverent, for I recognize as much 
as anybody else the difficulty of giving 
information on this most important sub¬ 
ject in a way that will not jar the sen¬ 
sitive reader. 

It is really not to be wondered at that 
so many persons have shunned the sub¬ 
ject, because so few have dealt with it 
in a refined and really decent way. A 
person of sensitive temperament can 
easily be hurt by vulgarity, and I must 
admit that I am one of these persons. 
To me, my wife and the love I bear her, 
and the love she bears me, are the most 
sacred things in the world. Anybody 
who vulgarizes the relationship between 
us is doing us a most regretable injury, 
which is felt by us very, very acutely. 
Others feel in exactly the same degree. 
It is therefore out of place to deal with 
th subject of sex in any way which will 


and Physiology 


25 


degrade the communion which is the cul¬ 
minating expression of the love between 
a refined man and woman. 


GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE 
SEXUAL SYSTEM. 


The sexual system is divided into two 
parts,—the primary organs and the 
secondary organs. The primary organs 
are those which have to do directly with 
the process of reproduction. The sec¬ 
ondary organs consist of those which 
have only indirectly to do with the func¬ 
tion of reproduction. 

Thus, in man, the beard and moustache, 
his muscularity, and base voice, serve 
only as enticements for the female sex 
in the function of courting, which acts 
as a preliminary to the function of re¬ 
production, dealt with from the physio¬ 
logical standpoint. 

The primary organs of sex are used 
in the immediate act of coitus, and, in 
the case of the female, for development 
of the embryo. 


The Male Sexual System. 


Primary Characters: Situated in the 
front, below the waistline, just by the 
junction of the legs, is the penis. This 
is the main primary organ. It protrudes 
from the body, and is stem like. During 
the period of repose, it is soft and pli¬ 
able, and may be as short as one and 
one-half inches in length. 

Immediately below is a bag, or sac, 
containing two glandular bodies; these 
are the testes. The bag is a continua¬ 
tion of the covering of the penis, and 
is loose and flabby. The testes vary in 
size according to the individual, but in 
the average normal person are about 
one and one-half inches in diameter. 

The testes contain the spermatozoa, 
which are the male reproduction cells. 
These cells find their way into a chan¬ 
nel which leads from the testes and con¬ 
nects with other channels which lead 
from other sexual glands which secrete 


28 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. l. 
















































and Physiology 


29 


Explanation of Fig. 1. 

Fig. 1 illustrates the main primary 
organ of the male. At the top of the 
figure are the two tubes known as the 
ureters which come from the kidneys 
and convey urine into the bladder. The 
bladder is the extended bag, and from it 
is seen leading the urethra, which con¬ 
veys the contents of the bladder to the 
exterior. An inch below the neck of the 
bladder are the two small Cowper’s 
glands, each of which secretes a fluid 
which is conducted by means of a duct 
into the urethra. Above these bodies, 
higher up, by the neck of the bladder, is 
the prostate gland, cut in two parts in 
this diagram, in order to show the in¬ 
ternal apparatus. Lower down, around 
the urethra is the corpus spongiosum, a 
spongy mass of network of blood ves¬ 
sels. Dilation of these vessels with 
blood causes the erectile nature of the 
organ.. 


30 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 2. 




and Physiology 


31 


Explanation of Fig. 2. 

Microscopic view of tissue which com¬ 
poses the male organ of generation. 

A is the fibrous tissue, B the blood 
sinus or vein. C represents the muscu¬ 
lar tissue. 


32 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 3. 




and Physiology 


33 


Explanation of Fig 3. 

Section of the body in the pelvic reg¬ 
ion. B is the sacrum, the lower part of 
the vertebral column. P is the colon or 
large intestine. C is the body of the 
bladder. E and F represent the ureters 
coming from the kidneys. 


34 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 4. 





and Physiology 


35 


Explanation of Fig 4. 

Longitudinal section through testis 
showing the outer skin or scrotum. In¬ 
side this is the testis itself, containing 
the oval body in which spermatozoa are 
developed, and the epididymis, the 
elongated body partly surrounding it. 
The spermatic cord conducts the sper¬ 
matozoa up to the urethra, and is the 
stalk-like part of the diagram. 


Sexual Anatomy 




































and Physiology 


37 


Explanation of Fig. 5. 

Diagrammatic section showing in par¬ 
ticular the ducts conveying the Sperma¬ 
tozoa to the Urethra, known as the Vas 
Deferens. 

At the neck is a small gland or duct 
which acts as an ejaculatory gland. The 
body of the diagram represents the blad¬ 
der; the stalk is the urethra; the large 
cup-like gland the junction with the pros¬ 
tate gland. 


38 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 6. 



























and Physiology 


39 


Explanation of Fig. 6. 

Section of testis showing the germ 
cell tissue in the body of the testis where 
the spermatozoa are produced. They 
pass from the lobules into the tubules 
and are conveyed by the various ducts 
to the epididymis, the epididymus con¬ 
veying them up the spermatic duct to 
the urethra. 


40 


Sexual, Anatomy 



Fig. 7. 















and Physiology 


41 


Explanation of Fig 7. 

A diagrammatic section through the 
epididymis of a dog. This shows what 
cross-sections through the tubes would 
lopk like. The epididymis has an evolu¬ 
tionary history as the pronephros, and 
maintains its excretory nature even in 
higher evolutionary forms. As aD 
epididymis it serves to convey the sper¬ 
matozoa from the testis through to the 
urethra. 


42 


Sexual, Anatomy 


B 


A 



Fig. 8. 






























and Physiology 


43 


Explanation of Fig. 8. 

1 represents the head or nose of the 
spermatozoon. With this it forces its 
way through the wall of the ovum. On 
the left is a portion of a spermatozoon 
very highly magnified to show detail. 
2 is the body of the head. 3 and 4 the 
neck. 5 to 9 represent the axis and a 
spiral sheath which surrounds it. 10 is 
the continuation of the long tail. The 
center figure is a side view of the sper¬ 
matozoon. 1 the head, 2 the neck, 3 the 
body, and 4 the tail with an end piece, 5. 
These figures represent the same por¬ 
tions of the anatomy of the sperma¬ 
tozoon illustrated in A, which is a front 
view of it. 


44 


Sexual, Anatomy 


mucus to lubricate the cells and thus 
form the semen, the fluid ejected in 
coitus. 

These are the only apparent primary 


organs m man. 


and Physiology 


45 


Female Primary Sex Organs. 

• 

Situated approximately at the junc¬ 
tion of the legs with the body, a little 
anterior, is the vulva. This is the only 
apparent primary sex organ in woman. 
It consists of an opening about three 
inches in length on the exterior, but is 
really completely closed by a sphincter. 
It has a roll of flesh on each side, known 
as labia. The full name of these is the 
labia majora. Just inside the opening 
are the labia minora, Majora means 
larger, and minora means smaller. 

The vulva leads into the body by a 
channel known as the vagina. It is into 
this vagina that the spermatozoa are 
placed in the sex act. 

It is seen, then, that woman has prac¬ 
tically no external primary sex organs. 
All the organs associated directly with 
the function of reproduction are inter¬ 
nal. The vagina leads to the neck of the 
uterus, which is a pear-shaped organ in 


46 


Sexual Anatomy 











































































and Physiology 


47 


vr ‘ 


Explanation of Pig. 9. 

Diagram of the Vulva. 

In the center is the orifice of the 
vagina. The little body about one inch 
above it represents the clitoris. The 
larger external pads are thelibiamajora, 
while those just inside are the labia 


minora. 


48 


Sexual Anatomy 






















































































and Physiology 


49 


Explanation of Fig. 10. 

Internal reproductive organs of fe¬ 
male. V is the vagina. C is the neck or 
entrance to U, the uterus. OD repre¬ 
sents the oviduct, which conveys the ova 
from the ovaries. 


I 


50 Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 11. 












and Physiology 


51 


Explanation of Fig. 11. 

Section through pelvic region of fe¬ 
male. The uterus is the U-shaped 
body and from it extends the vagina 
down to the vulva. The bladder is in 
front of it, and has its ureters also 
emptying into the vulva. At the rear 
is the rectum, and posterior to that is 
the sacral portion of the spinal column. 


52 


Sexual Anatomy 


which the embryo is developed and 
nourished while still in the body of the 
mother. Leading to the uterus are two 
ducts, one on each side; each duct leads 
from an ovary. The ovary forms the 
ova. One ovum is developed each month, 
it descends down one or other of the 
ducts just mentioned and into the 
uterus. If there it comes in contact 
with a male spermatozoon, it is fertil¬ 
ized and the embryo begins to develop. 


Secondary Sex Organs in Man. 

The most obvious secondary sex char¬ 
acters in man are the defined muscles. 
When contracted his muscles are readily 
apparent. This distinguishes the male 
in the possession of superior physical 
strength, and gives him a more rugged, 
and more powerful, physical appearance. 

The next most apparent secondary sex 
character is hair on the face. As soon 
as the male reaches adulthood, hair 
grows on the upper lip and on the chin 
and sides of the face, distinguishing 
him entirely from the female. 

Man is also distinguished by a nar¬ 
row hip, or pelvic girdle. The pelvic 
bones are just sufficient to support his 
body and give strength to his frame at 
the junction of his legs. 

Man has, normally, no breasts; he has 
the vestiges of what may have been 
breasts in his ancestors, but, normally, 
he does not develop them throughout 


54 


Sexual Anatomy 


life. Small nipples are situated on the 
chest, but these, in the ordinary man, 
never attain that condition where they 
function in the provision of milk for off¬ 
spring. It may be remarked, however, 
that there are a few cases in which the 
mammary glands, or breasts, do de¬ 
velop in man. It is sufficient to mention 
it, and to bear in mind that it is not a 
normal male character. 

Man is a little larger, generally, in his 
whole body, than woman. His hands are 
broader and thicker, his feet are bigger, 
usually, so are his facial features. In¬ 
vestigation also shows that his brain is 
proportionately larger. This does not 
mean to say that it is more capable or 
intellectual. 


Secondary Sex Characters in Woman. 

The most obvious secondary sex or¬ 
gans in woman are the breasts. They 
consist of two glands situated on the 
front of the chest; each is composed of 
a mass of fatty tissue, containing glands 
which secrete milk for sustenance of the 
offspring during the first year of life. 

The next most conspicuous secondary 
sex character in woman is the hip girth. 
The pelvic girdle is much larger than in 
man, and forms a basin in which the 
abdominal organs may rest, especially 
for the carrying of offspring within the 
body. The normal hip girth in woman 
exceeds the chest measurement, where¬ 
as in man, the reverse is the case. The 
chest measurement in man should always 
exceed the hip measurement. 

Woman has no defined muscular tis¬ 
sue, the same 500 muscles which char¬ 
acterize the male body are also con- 


56 


Sexual Anatomy 


tained in the female body, but the 
muscles are not so well defined. 

This is due to the interweaving of 
fatty tissue among the muscular tissue 
in woman. The muscles of woman may 
be trained to acquire more strength than 
the average man who does not train his 
muscles, but no amount of training has 
yet been able to develop the muscles of 
woman to attain anywhere near the 
same strength as the muscles of a 
trained man. 

The face of woman is normally with¬ 
out hair, and is a characteristic which 
makes the female conspicuous. 

The waist is another secondary sexual 
character and is caused by the extra hip 
girth and the enlarged chest. 

Woman is generally more supple and 
passive than man. Her body is smaller. 
Her fingers are more slender and thin¬ 
ner than those of man, as are her feet. 
The features of her face are smaller 
than those of man and her brain is cor¬ 
respondingly smaller, although, as I 
have remarked above, by no means nec¬ 
essarily intellectually inferior. 


THE BREAST. 


The female breast is the outcome of a 
long process of development involving 
millions of years. The technical name 
of the breast is the mammary gland, and 
every animal that has a mammary gland 
is known as a mammal. . 

The lowest form of animal to possess 
mammary glands is the Australian 
Duckbill or Ornithorynclius. It belongs 
to a group of animals called the Mono¬ 
tremes. 

These Monotremes may be said to rep¬ 
resent the initial stage in the develop¬ 
ment of mammary glands, and are in¬ 
teresting because they throw light upon 
the way the human ancestors must have 
developed mammary glands in the first 
place. 

The Monotremes represent the next 
stage above the Reptiles. The Reptiles 
lay eggs; the young hatch from these 
eggs, and as soon as they are alive look 


58 


Sexual Anatomy 


after themselves. There can be said to 
be no mother love, for the reptile does 
not care anything at all about her chil¬ 
dren, but just leaves the sun to hatch 
them out. So the Monotremes may also 
be said to represent the first stage in the 
development of maternal love. It is the 
first time in the history of development 
that the mother animal takes real care 
of her children from the beginning, and, 
as I have said, it undoubtedly represents 
a similar stage in the history of human 
evolution. 

The Monotremes lay eggs from which 
the young are hatched, but she protects 
these eggs from the cold, and when the 
young come to life, she keeps them 
warm, and a nutritious fluid is secreted 
from the ventral or under portion of her 
body. At this stage the nutrition is 
practically just an exudation from the 
ordinary sweat glands, the young lick it 
off the hair of the mother as it trickles 
down. 

So, at this initial stage in the develop¬ 
ment of the Mammalian group of ani- 


and Physiology 


59 


mals, the young are cared for by the 
mother for some time. 

The next higher stage in the develop¬ 
ment of the mammary glands may be 
said to be exhibited in another Austral¬ 
ian animal, namely, the Kangaroo. The 
Kangaroo belongs to a group of animals 
known technically as Marsupials. 

The Marsupials show a more complex 
stage of development in regard to the 
mammary area, and also in the develop¬ 
ment of maternal love. The kangaroo, 
therefore, is exceedingly interesting, be¬ 
cause it shows us what must have been a 
similar stage in the development of hu¬ 
man love in our own ancestors. 

The Kangaroo brings forth her young 
in a live condition, but they are imma¬ 
ture. The young Kangaroo is unable 
to care for itself. A pouch is developed 
by the mother in the abdominal region, 
and the young are kept in this pouch un¬ 
til they are old enough to hunt about for 
themselves. But while in the pouch, 
they are nourished by the exudation 
from the mammary portion of the moth¬ 
er’s body in very much the same way as 


Sexual Anatomy 









































































































































and Physiology 


61 


Explanation of Pig. 12. 

Transverse section of the mammary 
gland. In the body of the gland are the 
lobules which gather the secretion from 
the sebaceous glands. This secretion is 
conducted along the tubules which con¬ 
verge at an area near the nipple, through 
which there are small ducts conveying 
the contents to the exterior. 


62 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 13. 


and Physiology 


63 


Explanation of Fig. 13. 

Diagrammatic, vertical section cut 
through the breast to show the ducts 
and the blood vessels, where the milk is 
manufactured, and the globules from 
which it is made. 


64 


Sexual Anatomy 


the Monotremes, explained above, but 
the mammary area is much more de¬ 
veloped, and the mammary ducts are 
much larger and more specialized for 
the purpose of supplying this nutrition. 
The exterior mammary portion has 
small holes distinctly for the purpose of 
exuding the nutrition. 

This process of development is.bio¬ 
logically continuous, and goes on until 
the ducts become concentrated into a 
particular portion, and the external part 
develops the nipple, with which we are 
familiar in all the higher mammals. 

If you have followed clearly the fore¬ 
going, it will better enable you to un¬ 
derstand the human female breast. It 
is the most beautiful and the most com¬ 
plex of all mammalian mammary glands,. 
and, in correspondence therewith, is as¬ 
sociated with the higher emotions and 
maternal love. The human mother cares 
for her young longer than any other or¬ 
ganism, and it is therefore not to be won¬ 
dered at that men are in particular at¬ 
tracted by the woman with healthily 
developed breasts. 


and Physiology 


65 


In woman the breast is composed of 
a mass of fatty tissue, and the mammary 
ducts become enlarged at the time that 
nutrition becomes necessary for off¬ 
spring. 

The size of the breast is determined to 
a great degree by the size of the woman, 
but it is well to remember that the size 
of the breast is not always a sign of 
the nutrition that is supplied. Many 
women with over-developed breasts are 
even incapable of feeding their children; 
others, having very small breasts before 
marriage, have a very full supply of 
milk for their children when they come. 

The illustration of the human breast 
given in this book will show you how 
the ducts have become enlarged almost 
into small glands, and form a net work 
among the tissues of the breast. The 
net work of ducts converges at a small 
area near the nipple. The nipple is red, 
and has several holes or pores through 
which the child is able to extract the 
milk. 

The nipple has also a spongy blood 
system, which works by nervous reflex 


Sexual Anatomy 


66 

action, and so assists in the functioning 
of the breast. It works in approximate¬ 
ly the same way as the corpus spon¬ 
giosum of the male penis; a nervous im¬ 
pulse will set blood circulating into the 
spongy vessels in the nipple, so that the 
nipple will erect, and when the breast 
is out of use, the erection will die down. 

Man still retains this power of erec¬ 
tion in the nipple of his breast. The 
breast of the male is normally non¬ 
functional e, but there have been sev¬ 
eral men who have developed the use of 
the breast, and it has been known that 
some men in desperation at having lost 
the mothers of their children have put 
the children to breast and the breast has 
begun to function. It is all very sug¬ 
gestive of several theories of the de¬ 
velopment of sex. 

For the first few days after the child 
is born, the mother’s breast secretes 
only a colorless fluid known as calos- 
trum. This is thought by some people 
to be useless, and even poisonous, for 
the child, but this is a great mistake. 
When the child is first born it is incap- 


and Physiology 


67 


able of taking ordinary milk into its 
system, and the calostrum has the func¬ 
tion of clearing out the alimentary canal 
and setting it into working order prep¬ 
aratory to taking more substantial nutri¬ 
tion. 

The milk is secreted only when it is 
necessary for the child to take it, and is 
able to take it, but the colorless fluid 
which at first is secreted is an interest¬ 
ing sign of the development of the mam¬ 
mary function, and if you will think of 
the process of development I have out¬ 
lined in the monotremes and the marsu¬ 
pials you will see exactly what I mean. 

The breasts are naturally very tender 
in woman, and she is extremely sensitive 
regarding them. They are, to a great 
degree, a center of emotion, and play their 
part, not only in the nourishment of the 
young, but also in the preparation for 
the act that begets the young. It is a 
center of the same emotion which ex¬ 
presses itself both in the love of a woman 
for her husband and the love for her 

i 

child. There is no line of demarcation 
between the woman’s love for her hus- 


68 


Sexual Anatomy 


band and the love for lier child. The 
greater her love for her husband, the 
greater and truer will be the love for her 
child. The preliminary emotion ex¬ 
hibited in the heaving of her chest when 
first she meets her lover, long before 
marriage, is the first process in the de¬ 
velopment of the final emotion which is 
exhibited in the putting of her child to 
breast. 

So it is no wonder that the female 
breast has played such a great part in 
the masterpieces of art and sculpture. I 
am not referring to the voluptuous ex¬ 
aggerations of charlatans, but the mag¬ 
nificent work of true artists, especially 
those wonders of ancient Greek Sculp¬ 
ture. They are beautiful and inspiring, 
not because they are sexual, but because 
they represent an expression of the 
highest stage of mother love. They rep¬ 
resent the highest stage in human cul¬ 
ture and an ability to bring forth and 
nurse children of the very highest 
quality. 

The healthy woman has well rounded, 
well developed and shapely breasts, 


and Physiology 


69 


and every woman should endeavor to ac¬ 
quire these for herself, so that she may 
fulfill her greatest mission in human 
life: the bringing forth and bringing up 
of healthy, strong, and beautiful chil¬ 
dren. 


THE MALE FERTILIZING CELL. 

> 

The human male fertilizing cell is 
microscopic in dimensions; it measures 
one thousandth of an inch in diameter, 
and is therefore only to be seen under a 
high-powered miscroscope. 

It is shaped like a tad-pole, having a 
thick head and a narrow, flagellate tail; 
it is therefore able to propel its way to 
the ovum. 

It is only the head part of this cell 
which is of essential importance in fer¬ 
tilization. This head part contains the 
nucleus, while the tail is merely com¬ 
posed of ordinary protoplasm. Experi¬ 
ments have been made which prove this 
—in other organisms, of course. Where 
the head part of the male cell was put 
together with the female ovum, fertili¬ 
zation took place, but where only the 
tail of the male cell was put with the 
ovum, there was no fertilization. 

The technical term for the human 
male cell is the spermatozoon. 


and Physiology 


71 


If you were to stain the sperma¬ 
tozoon under a high powered micro¬ 
scope, you would observe the details of 
the nucleus. These details throw great 
light on many of the problems of life 
and sex; and it is therefore well worth 
while to understand something of the 
development, anatomy, and physiology 
of the spermatozoon. 

The nucleus, as I have remarked, is 
the important or vital part of the sper¬ 
matozoon. 

Within this nucleus it will be observed 
that there are a number of little pieces 
of substance which differ from the gen¬ 
eral nuclear substances; these are what 
are called chromatin elements. As a 
matter of fact, they are the little bodies 
which may be said to contain all the 
characters of the full adult; because it 
is only these bodies which really go to 
make up the new individual or offpsring. 
Whether it is the color of the eyes or 
whether it is the size of the brain or the 
size of the feet, the characters are all 
in the chromatin. 

The spermatozoon, as I have re- 


72 


Sexual Anatomy 


marked, goes through an interesting 
phase of development. In the resting 
stage, which is the one we are supposed 
to be looking at now, we notice that 
these chromatin bodies are scattered all 
over the nucleus in no particular order. 
Now if we keep on watching a live 
spermatozoon we shall notice that these 
chromatin bodies begin to arrange them- 
into a definite order. First we will no¬ 
tice that they all get end to end and 
form a big string, then this string will 
break up into a number of pieces and 
these pieces are named chromosomes; it 
will also be noticed—if skill is used in 
the staining—that a spindle has ar¬ 
ranged itself in the nucleus, and 
stretches from the north pole to the 
south pole. Also at the north pole we 
shall see two other small bodies, known 
as centrosomes. On these spindles, 
which appear like fine lines from pole to 
pole, the choromosomes will arrange 
themselves about the center. Then we 
shall notice that these chromosomes di¬ 
vide themselves into two lots, one lot 
travelling to the northern portion and 


and Physiology 


73 


the other lot passing to the southern 
portion of the nucleus. 

After this, an indentation will be no¬ 
ticed at each side of the nucleus. This 
indentation will increase, until finally 
the nucleus divides into two. 

A little later we shall find that the out¬ 
side of the cell itself begins to develop 
a similar indentation, and these indenta¬ 
tions increase until the whole cell di¬ 
vides into two cells. 

It may appear to those who have not 
made a very detailed study of the sub¬ 
ject of biology and physiology that this 
process is not a very important one, but, 
on the contrary, it is a most important 
one. Each particular species of animal 
has a definite number of chromosomes. 
The sexes differ in the number of 
chromosomes. In some animals, where 
20 is the normal number for the male, 
we find 21 for the female, and so the 
question of sex becomes 50 per cent 
of the extra chromosomes being present. 
It takes only one of these spermatozoa 
to start the development of an offspring, 
and as the spermatozoa are particularly 


74 


Sexual Anatomy 


active, it is not in normal circumstances 
a difficult matter for pregnancy to take 
place. 

Only half the number of chromo¬ 
somes are contained in the matured 
spermatozoon, the other half will 
be present in the female ovum, where 
these chromosomes will eventually find 
themselves, coalesce with those in the 
ovum, and go through another process 
to be discussed when outlining the 
anatomy and physiology of the ovum. 

The spermatozoa are developed in the 
testis. They are ordinary tissue cells. 
Great numbers are produced. The pro¬ 
cess of development outlined above in 
the division and arrangement of chromo¬ 
somes takes place in each tissue cell, and 
there are three divisions, the first di¬ 
vision makes two cells, the second di¬ 
vision four cells, and the third division 
eight cells. 

In this way a great number of sperma¬ 
tozoa are manufactured. In each sexual 
functioning there are millions extruded, 
so that the process of development is 
exceedingly rapid in the normal person. 


and Physiology 


75 


These spermatozoa are usually ejected 
in the natural or complete sex act. In 
pathological cases, such as prostator- 
rhoea, there are frequently none at all 
extruded. When the spermatozoa are 
ripe they pass up the spermatic duct and 
come in contact with the prostate fluid, 
from the prostate gland, where they are 
lubricated and become the semen. 

In spite of all biological discussions 
and arguments to the contrary, the sper¬ 
matozoa are in complete sympathy with 
the whole bodily organism. Weakening 
habits undoubtedly weaken their power: 
Moreover, a neglect or weakening habit 
in one region of the body will have a 
corresponding effect upon the sperma¬ 
tozoon in relation to that particular part 
which goes to make up the corresponding 
part of the body in the offspring. 

This is not absolutely a determinable 
factor, but it is an undoubted fact. 
Where there is general weakness and de¬ 
bility produced directly by bad habits or 
lack of exercise and hygiene, it is pos¬ 
sible to observe a deterioration in the 
offspring. 


76 


Sexual. Anatomy 



Gem cell 


Heterotype 
mitosis and 
reduction of 
chromosomes 
to half the 
usual number 



Spe rmata^onia 



Period of growth 


Primary Spermatocyte 


Secondary Spermatocytes 


•Spermatids 


^^Spermatozoa 

Fig. 14. 











and Physiology 


77 


Explanation of Fig. 14. 

The development of the spermatozoa. 
From the primitive germ cell a process 
of spermatogenesis goes on. First of all 
the original germ cell divides into two, 
each becomes separate. The two divide 
into four, each separate, and the four 
divide and become eight, each separate 
and known as spermatogonia. Each 
goes through another process of division 
into two separate spermatozytes. These 
two each divide again, making four 
known as spermatids. These develop 
the tail and become the spermatozoa. 

The process undergone by the chromo¬ 
somes is explained in the text. 


78 


Sexual Anatomy 















and Physiology 


79 


Explanation of Fig. 15. 

Diagram showing the mature sper¬ 
matozoa leaving the germ plasm then 
passing down a seminal tubule. The 
diagram also shows other spermatozoa 
in various stages of development. 7 is 
the mature spermatozoon. 1 to 5 show 
the various stages of development. 


80 


Sexual* Anatomy 




Fig . 17 





and Physiology 


81 


Explanation of Fig. 16. 

Diagram of a spermatid very highly 
magnified, preliminary stage in the de¬ 
velopment of the spermatozoon. 1 is the 
nucleus of the cell. 2 is the neucleolus, 
which is the essential part of the cell, 
and which alone causes fertilization. 6 
is the beginning of the development of 
the tail of the spermatozoon. 


Explanation of Fig. 17. 

An enlarged view of the interstitial 
cells of the testis, of which so much has 
been heard recently. 


82 


Sexual Anatomy 


Where there is endeavor for improve¬ 
ment in the parent, there is also an ac¬ 
centuated ability for improvement in the 
offspring. Were this not so, all our 
struggles and trials to make ourselves 
better would he in vain. The work of 
the true eugenists has been to endeavor 
to show that faulty traits in the parent 
leave faulty traits in the offspring, but 
orthodox eugenists have made the mis¬ 
take of claiming that it is not possible 
to affect the offspring by any influence 
upon the individual parent. 

Recent experiments on animals have 
proved to the contrary. I could refer to 
many experiments by Bateson, De 
Vries, and other recent biologists, in 
their experiments on primroses, arthro¬ 
pods and other organims, in which they 
have been able to modify offspring by 
altering the environment of the parents. 

It goes without saying that any inter¬ 
ference with the sex function in a man¬ 
ner that is detrimental to the parent, 
is also in a degree, detrimental to the 
offspring. This shows the necessity for 
normal and healthy sex conduct in mar- 


and Physiology 


83 


riage. If there is abuse of the sex 
function before marriage, there will be 
abuse of the sex function in marriage, 
unless there is a determined effort on 
the part of the individual to act in a way 
that is healthy and normal. 

The constitution of the spermatozoon 
is very complex; the more we study it, 
the more do we come to the conclusion 
that man holds a great and sacred func¬ 
tion in his control. In the spermatozoon 
he has the means of perpetuating him¬ 
self. The spermatozoon is an actual 
part of the parent’s body, and it is an 
actual part of the offspring’s body. 
There is no absolute separation between 
parent and offspring. The offspring is 
merely a part of the parents, and is a 
carrying on of the same life process as 
exhibited in the parents. 

There is no such thing as death. We 
can trace the life we posses by an un¬ 
broken chain connecting us with the first 
living organism. A man is the result of 
the division of the spermatozoon which 
has united with the female ovum, and 


84 


Sexual Anatomy 


multiplied into a whole community of 
cells. 

But there has been no death, the same 
cell has merely multiplied itself and it 
would be impossible to say that such 
a point is the beginning of the life of 
that individual. The spermatozoon, as 
I have explained, is an actual part of 
the tissue of man, and the ovum is an 
actual part of the tissue of woman. 
They come together and they develop, 
and the offspring is produced, finally 
growing up to adulthood. The tissue of 
this adult breaks away again, and 
coalesces with part of the tissue of 
another adult, and the same process is 
repeated until another adult is pro¬ 
duced. I defy anybody to point his 
finger at the actual time of birth 
of any individual, and I will defy any¬ 
body to say which is the beginning of 
the individual life, and which is the end 
of the individual life of the normal hu¬ 
man being. 

So it will be seen that the sex act is 
the act of immortality; it is the act which 


and Physiology 


85 


carries on the individual life into the 
race life away into posterity. • 

Looking backward we can see how 
each one of us was an actual part of our 
parents, and, in turn, an actual part of 
grandparents, then, again, of our great 
grandparents, and so on way back until 
we arrive at the primitive protozoon; 
and from the primitive protozoon, we 
shall see a gradual development from 
something even simpler. The living 
protoplasm forms out of the elements of 
the earth. All life is one. All the uni¬ 
verse is one. There is no part which 
can be separated off, and of which it can 
be said, ‘ 4 This is independent.’ ’ The life 
we possess is a part of the sun’s life, 
of all solar life, all universal life. 


THE FEMALE LIFE CELL. 


The female life cell is known tech¬ 
nically as the ovum. Ovum means egg. 
The human ovum is in principle the 
same as the ordinary hen’s egg. It has 
its albuminous outer part, its internal 
yolk, and, right in the center, it has its 
nucleus. 

The human ovum, however, is only 
one two hundred and fiftieth of an inch 
in diameter, and, of this, only a very 
small portion goes to make up the new 
individual. The nucleus is but a small 
part in the center of the ovum, and only 
a very small portion of this finally goes 
to make the new offspring. 

While the ovum is in what we call the 
‘ ‘ resting stage, ’ ’ pieces of chromatin are 
dotted about the nucleus, but a process 
of development takes place exactly the 
same as in the human spermatozoon. 

In the first stage the chromatin ele¬ 
ments fall into a string. Then they 


and Physiology 


87 


split lip into a definite number of bodies, 
and arrange themselves on the spindle 
which forms between the north and 
south poles of the nucleus, just as we 
saw happened in the human sperma¬ 
tozoon. 

At this stage each chromosome splits 
itself into two, one part travels to the 
northern hemisphere, and the other part 
travels to the southern hemisphere. At 
the side of the nucleus a constriction be¬ 
gins to appear, and finally divides the 
nucleus into two portions. This is fol¬ 
lowed by a similar constriction in the 
outer portion of the cell itself, and the 
cell divides into two cells. 

The ovum is now matured, the above 
process being termed “ maturation, ’ 9 
and ready for fertilization by the sper^ 
matozoon. 

The ovum divides twice, so that it be¬ 
comes four cells, and each cell has half 
the number of chromosomes necessary 
to stem the cell resulting from the 
fertilization of the female by the male, 
but in the case of the ovum, only one 


88 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 18 





and Physiology 


89 


Explanation of Fig. 18. 

A Hen’s Ovary—Actual Size. 

At the top end is seen the Fallopian 
Tube, cut off. The eggs are in varying 
stages of development. 


90 


Sexual Anatomy 








and Physiology 


91 


Explanation of Fig. 19. 

Ova at various stages of development 
are seen at the heat period of the rab¬ 
bit. The tube is the Fallopian Tube. 


Sexual Anatomy 












and Physiology 


93 


Explanation of Fig. 20. 

Diagram of Human Ovary. 

The Fallopian Tube is cut off on the 
left side of the diagram. At the top in 
the center is an ovum ready to break 
loose from the ovary. Other ova in 
various stages of development will also 
be noticed. One ovum only is matured 
each month. 


94 


Sexual, Anatomy 


-Germ cell 



Heterotype mitosis 
and reduction of the y 
chromosomes to half [ * 
the usual number ) \ 


Secondary oocyte 


Mature ovum 


-Oogonia 



-Period of growth 
—--Primary oocyte 

—First polar body 


./Division of the 
l First polar body 


!~ Second polar body 


I 

Fig. 21. 





and Physiology 


95 


Explanation of Fig. 21. 

This shows the development of the 
mature ovum from the original germ 
cell. The germ cell divides into two 
separate cells. These two divide into 
four, and these four become eight, 
known as oogonia. The one selected for 
ovum begins to enlarge and the chromo¬ 
somes undergo the process explained 
in the text. Half the number of chromo¬ 
somes extruded in a form of division 
which results in the first polar body, 
and the polar body itself also divides 
just as if it were a cell. The oocyte 
which is left, known as the secondary 
oocyte, makes another division, leaving 
a second polar body and the mature 


ovum. 


96 


Sexual Anatomy 


3 



Sob 


Fig. 22. 


and Physiology 


97 


Explanation of Fig. 22. 

1 represents the primary oocyte which 
is to become the mature ovum. Inside 
are diagrammatically illustrated the 
chromosomes, half the original number 
for the species. 

2 is the secondary oocyte and 2-a is 
the first polar body. It is noted that 
the first polar body divides again, just 
as if it were a cell, and the chromosomes 
also go through the process of division. 
The oocyte itself again makes a sort of 
a division process, extruding a second 
polar body and leaving the mature ovum 
with half the number of chromosomes, 
which will leave a spermatozoon to 
supply with the other half of the chro¬ 
mosomes of the fully fertilized germ 
cell. 


98 


Sexual, Anatomy 


cell survives, the other three die and 
serve only to nourish the ovum. 

In the case of the spermatozoon we 
saw that each cell resulting from each 
division was still kept alive and active 
and ready to function. In the ovum, it 
is only one cell out of the many that 
finally survives as the ovum. 

There are some sixty thousand cells, 
all of a similar nature, that would he 
capable of becoming human ova were it 
not for the fact that only one is 
nourished at the expense of the others. 
Nature may appear to be very wasteful 
in this, inasmuch as it would be possible 
for her to produce sixty thousand egg 
cells, each capable of becoming a human 
being. But when the matter is con¬ 
sidered intelligently it is seen that this 
is a very valuable provision of Nature, 
for if each person gave birth to sixty 
thousand new offspring every month 
there would soon be very little room on 
this earth for any of us. 

However, Nature herself does not 
limit human conception to civilized de¬ 
mands. In spite of the fact that a hu- 


and Physiology 


99 


man ovum is developed and ripened each 
month, it is possible for a woman to 
bring forth a child only about once a 
year, but if each woman gave birth to 
a child each year, we should still be in 
the same predicatment, and in a century 
or so human beings would be blotted 
out because of their super-abundance. 

Nature limits the population by kill¬ 
ing oft a huge number of all species. 
Where there is a huge number of in¬ 
dividuals produced the mortality is al¬ 
ways heavy. The greater the number 
of individuals born the less the pro¬ 
portion which survives. 

If you like to state it round the other 
way you may. The less the chances of 
survival the more beings are there pro¬ 
duced. Thus the tape worm lays ten 
million eggs, and the chances of survival 
of these eggs is about one or two in ten 
million. 

It is possible to find the same thing in 
regard to human beings. Where in the 
slums and poorer quarters the chances 
of survival are not so good it is usual to 


100 


Sexual Anatomy 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 


Fig. 23. 



Fig. 24. 



















and Physiology 


101 


Explanation of Fig. 23. 

The human ovum, very greatly en¬ 
larged. 

5 is the outer wall, known as the zona 
pellucida through which the spermato¬ 
zoon has to penetrate before it can fer¬ 
tilize the ovum. 

4 is the protoplasmic body of the cell 
containing the nourishment of the cell. 

1 is the nucleus. 2 is the nucleolus, 
the acual part of the cell which alone 
contains the characters which go to build 
up the new offspring. 


Explanation of Pig. 24. 

A section of the mammalian ovary 
very greatly enlarged showing the de¬ 
velopment of the germ plasm. 

A and B are ova developing and go¬ 
ing through the process of maturation, 
as described in the text. The dots rep¬ 
resent the chromosomes. 


102 


Sexual Anatomy 



B 



Fig. 26 


O 
















and Physiology 


103 


Explanation of Fig. 25. 

Diagram of germ plasm of mammalian 
female in which the ovum has been re¬ 
leased after maturation. The sur¬ 
rounding cells cling to it and serve to 
nourish it. 

A represents the ordinary germinal 
epithelium of the ovary, and B is the 
nucleus of the ovum itself. 


Explanation of Fig. 26. 

Diagram of germinal plasm of mam¬ 
malian female. C are ova which have 
just divided into two from one single 
ovum. D shows the stage before this 
where the nuclei have each divided into 
two, preliminary to the cell itself divid¬ 
ing into two. 


104 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 27. 













and Physiology 


105 


Explanation of Fig. 27. 

Diagrammatic section of the ovary of 
a cat. 

A represents the lining membrane 
(the lining epithelium), B is an ovum 
developing in what is called a Graffian 
follicle. C shows a further stage of de¬ 
velopment, with the zona pellucida en¬ 
closing the ovum. E represents the 
Graffian follicle after the ovum has 
passed out. 


106 


Sexual Anatomy 









and Physiology 


107 


Explanation of Fig. 28. 

Section of portion of the ovary of a 
cat showing ova in various stages of de¬ 
velopment. 

The small ring represents primitive 
germ cells, while the large ones are the 
maturing ova in their follicles. 

9 represents the completely developed 
ovum ready to pass from its follicle, 
while 9 1 represents the follicle after the 
ovum has departed. 


108 


Sexual Anatomy 


find large families. On the other hand, 
where each child which comes into the 
world has the opportunity to survive 
the families are smaller. 

Again, if you like to take this the 
other way around you may. Where the 
human families are large the chances 
of health and survival are less than 
where the families are small. 

It does not matter which way you look 
at it, the fact still remains, and the com¬ 
mon sense of making parenthood a vol¬ 
untary matter is obvious. Children 

loved and desired before tliev are con- 

%> 

ceived will be fewer in number, perhaps, 
than those that are brought forth hap¬ 
hazardly, without any forethought or de¬ 
sire. But the former will be far more 
valuable, more powerful, more efficient, 
more desirable than the latter. More¬ 
over, the parents themselves are more 
benefited by the begetting of children 
they desire than to have children thrust 
upon them. 

The ovum is a cell of tissue that is 
produced in the body of the woman, in just 
the same way as are the other tissue 


and Physiology 


109 


cells. The ovum is an actual part of the 
woman’s body, and there is no stage at 
which it may be said to begin. It is, 
in fact, the same cell which was all that 
composed the woman when she was in 
the form of the first egg cell, resulting 
from the fertilization of her mother’s 
ovum by her father’s spermatazoon. 

It is impossible to point to a begin¬ 
ning of life, or a beginning of the in¬ 
dividual. There is no such thing as a 
separate individual. The same living 
protoplasm that is existent today is the 
same that has carried on the human life 
throughout the ages of evolution. 

One ovum is ripened each month. 
When ripe it loosens itself from the 
ovary in which it has been developed, 
and passes down the Fallopian Tube, 
until it reaches the uterus. There it may 
be fertilized by the active spermatozoon 
from the male, and, if so, it adheres to 
the side of the uterus, and the process of 
development of the offspring is begun. 
But if it does not meet the spermatozoon 
from the male there, it passes down the 


110 


Sexual Anatomy 


uterus, through the vagina, out of the 
body. 

Contrary to what a great number of 
people think, the ovum does not pass out 
of the body at the menstrual period. 
It differs in individuals as to the time 
of its exit, but usually it is from eight 
to ten days after the monthly period. 

It can be noticed by some women if 
looked for carefully. If a diaper is worn 
at this period a small amount of red 
tissue will be found to be emitted from 
the body. 

The point is interesting because from 
this date, for about ten to thirteen days, 
is what is looked upon as the “safe 
period, ’ ’ but, as a matter of fact, it is not 
a safe period. It is recommended by 
doctors, purely because, either they do 
not know of the scientific means of con¬ 
trolling conception, or else they are pre¬ 
vented by law from giving detailed scien¬ 
tific instructions for the prevention of 
conception. 

However, it is well to state that the 
idea that there is a safe period at this 
time of the month is untrue. The sper- 


and Physiology 


111 


matozoon may be retained in some re¬ 
cess of the mucous lining and kept alive 
for some days, and finally work its way 
up into the uterus, so as to arrive when 
the matured ovum is ready for fertili¬ 
zation. 

It must not be foregotten that the 
spermatozoon is only one-thousandth of 
an inch in diameter, that it is very 
volatile and active, and it can survive 
for many weeks. 

The ovum is always passive. It never 
exhibits any movement toward the sper¬ 
matozoon, and the entire characteristic 
of the female is to be passive. So 
obvious is this that Professors Thomp¬ 
son and Geddes, and other scientific 
students of sex, have characterized male 
and female as active and passive. The 
male is always the active, while the fe¬ 
male is the passive. They stated that 
the male is catabolic, while the female is 
anabolic. The male breaks down, and is 
active, while the female builds up, and 
is passive. 

This is an important point to remem¬ 
ber, because it is really observable 


112 


Sexual Anatomy 


throughout the entire make up of the 
male and female. In love and court¬ 
ship the female naturally plays the pas¬ 
sive part, while the male plays the ac¬ 
tive part. In marriage, and in the mar¬ 
riage relationship, the male plays the 
active and persuasive part, while the 
female plays the passive, if responsive, 
part. 

But it must not be forgotten that 
when the spermatozoon mixes with the 
ovum there is a response from the ovum, 
and, in fact, there is a violent spasm, one 
might almost call it, in the union of the 
chromatin of the female with the male 
chromatin. So let it not be thought that 
the female is entirely passive. The fe¬ 
male is passive in general preliminaries, 
but, after this, response is as intense in 
its nature as the activitv of the normal 
male. 

This is exceedingly helpful in our un¬ 
derstanding of the normal sex conduct 
for married people. It is wrong to 
imagine that the male only has to play 
an active part and experience passion, 
while the female has to allow the male 


and Physiology 


113 


this experience without responsive emo¬ 
tion on her part. Again, the husband 
must remember that it is his activity, 
and the employment of his courtship 
arts that enables his wife to respond. 
If he is to maintain for her all the love 
which he bears her, and if he wishes to 
maintain all the love which she bears 
him, he will always be thoughtful and 
understanding of this. By nature, she 
can be stirred normally. When the act 
is looked upon as something which is 
vile, then there can be no normal re¬ 
sponse. That is the reason for abolish¬ 
ing the abominable idea that the most 
sacred relationship in married life is 
something which is indecent. 

It is my sincere hope that this simple 
outline of the anatomy and physiology 
of sex will enable people to get more joy 
out of life, and freely experience the 
noblest and most beautiful thing in life. 
They cannot do this when they are op¬ 
pressed with the idea that something, 
which in their hearts they know to be 
sacred and beautiful, is immoral and in¬ 
decent. The most important thing for 


114 


Sexual Anatomy 


married people to eradicate from their 
minds is that there is necessarily any¬ 
thing indecent about their intimate con¬ 
duct. It is lust and over indulgence 
which are domoralizing and harmful. 
The true communion of husband and 
wife loving each other devotedly is the 
noblest, most beautiful, most inspiring 
and most beneficial of all human func¬ 
tions. 

The ovum is the living egg cell, and 
as such it is the most important cell in 
the human body. It is influenced by 
conditions of living. It is influenced by 
thought, and it is influenced by lack of 
care and attention to health. If we are 
to give rise to a generation that will be 
superior in every way to our own gen¬ 
eration, we shall improve our bodies, 
make them healthy, strong and beauti¬ 
ful; improve our minds and make them 
efficient and sympathetic with what is 
good and true. We shall avoid all that is 
harmful or lustful, but enjoy all that is 
inspiring and beautifying in the noblest 
way. 

The ovum is the cell which, after fer- 


and Physiology 


115 


tilization, develops and becomes the new 
born baby, which will become the adult 
representative of humanity, connecting 
your life with the life of all humanity 
which is to come. 


CONDUCT DURING PREGNANCY. 


Human beings cannot be likened unto 
ordinary animals in regard to preg¬ 
nancy. Animals live in a state of Na¬ 
ture, generally have their mating 
season, and coitus is indulged as an in¬ 
stinct and is in no way an expression 
of love. On the other hand, the human 
being indulges as a result of love. It 
is, therefore, more than a reproductive 
function. It has a very important place 
in social and family life and also as an 
expression of love. 

In any consideration, therefore, of 
communion during pregnancy, the 
above should be borne in mind. For the 
first three months complete freedom 
should be allowed, and opportunity of 
harmony given so that the early stages 
of the embryo’s development should be 
accompanied by a helpful psychology 
and refined emotions. 

It may be the experience of the mother 


and Physiology 


117 


that she requires the unity with her 
husband, and it must always be strictly 
borne in mind that such communion is 
for this end: for establishing harmony 
and unity in order to give the best con¬ 
dition for love for the unborn child. 

The physiological and anatomical fac¬ 
tors which enter into the case are a3 
follows: In regard to the physiological 
necessity during the first three months, 
it may be stated that the mother benefits 
from the absorption of the secretions 
from her husband. After three months 
the mother will feel less inclined, and 
the husband should respect and guard 
carefully the desires of his wife in order 
not to impose himself upon her, except 
when the desire on her part is ardent. 

Great care must be taken to insure no 
physical injury to the child, and com¬ 
munion must be purely a communion 
and free from physical excitement. 

This is a very important point, and, 
if possible, no orgasm should take place. 
However, if during the next two months 
it is ardently desired by the mother it is 
not especially harmful. Simple com- 


118 


Sexual Anatomy 


munion of a peaceful nature is helpful 
and desirable. After six months, if any 
communion at all takes place it must be 
exceedingly gentle. There is not the 
slightest doubt that it will be desired at 
times, and if it can be indulged to the 
accompaniment of the tenderest emo¬ 
tions nothing but good can result from 
it, both for the mother and for the com¬ 
ing child. But every care and precau¬ 
tion must be taken against physical in¬ 
jury. 


PREGNANCY. 


As soon as conception takes place 
pregnancy begins. Not only are there 
great changes taking place in the em¬ 
bryo itself, but the body of the mother 
adapts itself to the condition. First of 
all the uterus becomes closed so that 
further fertilization cannot take place. 
The fertilized cell, now the embryo, 
travels down the Fallopian tube and 
attaches itself to the mucous lining of 
the uterus. 

The embryo of the human being may 
be said to pass through all the stages of 
our human ancestors. It begins as a 
single cell, and is then representative of 
the Protozoa, the organisms composed 
of one cell. It divides into two, these 
two cells divide into four, the four into 
eight, and so on until a complete cluster 
of cells is formed, thus representing 
another form of life, representatives of 
which are found today, and the stage 


120 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 29. 







and Physiology 


121 


Explanation of Fig. 29 . 

Diagram of the fertilized ovum. The 
surrounding membranes are shown and 
the two polar bodies. In the center are 
the chromosomes, half from the male 
and half from the female. 


122 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 30. 











and Physiology 


123 


Explanation of Fig. 30. 

The diagram shows the maturation of 
the ovum and the formation of the prim¬ 
ary and secondary polar bodies. In 1 
it will be noticed that the chromosomes 
are beginning to divide, and a constric¬ 
tion is being made at the north pole of 
the nucleus. In 2 the chromosomes 
have divided and the nucleus is in the 
process of giving off the first polar 
body. In 3 the first polar body is already 
separated from the nucleus. In 4 the 
second polar body has been extruded 
and the ovum is mature ready for fer¬ 
tilization. 


124 


Sexual, Anatomy 




Fig. 31. 





and Physiology 


125 


Explanation of Pig. 31. 

Immediately fertilization lias taken 
place the human ovum divides into two 
cells. The two cells divide into four 
cells, and so on. A represents the prim¬ 
ary unicellular stage—the egg cell. B 
represents the egg cell having made its 
first division. C the two cells are in the 
process of making a second division. 
On the left the division is practically 
made, while on the right the cell is just 
beginning to elongate. D shows the four 
cells dividing from the two. The pro¬ 
cess is continued by similar cell division 
in the development of the fetus. 


126 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 32. 





and Physiology 


127 


Explanation of Fig. 32. 

The original egg cell develops by a 
process of division. The original cell 
becomes two cells, as illustrated in A. 
These two become four, as illustrated in 
B. The four become eight, and the 
eight sixteen, as illustrated in C until a 
whole cluster or sphere of cells is 
formed, as illustrated in D. 


128 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 33. 


and Physiology 


129 


Explanation of Fig. 33. 

The first stage in the development of 
the embryo as explained in Fig. 32. The 
development by simple division of the 
cells, forming the sphere or blastnla. 


130 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 34. 



and Physiology 


131 


Explanation of Fig. 34. 

Another diagram of the initial stages 
of the development of the human fetus. 
A represents the very first division of 
the fertilized ovum into two cells. B, 
the two cells have become eight cells. C, 
cell division has increased still further. 
D, cell division has taken place until the 
sphere or blastula is formed. E, the 
side of the blastula is beginning to in¬ 
dent prior to formation of the gastrula 
stage. 


132 


Sexual Anatomy 


known as the blastula. This blastula 
stage continues its development by cell 
division until one side of it invaginates, 
so forming a sort of double bag. This 
cup-like stage is known as the gastrula. 
Tt is representative of a human ancestor 
of the hvdrozoon group of organisms, 
and relatives of it may be found in ani¬ 
mals living today, such as the Hydra, 
which is composed of a double bag of 
cells, and which has become invaginated 
from a simple sphere of cells. 

We have in our human embrvo now 

%> 

an opening which is the mouth, and an 
internal part which may be said to rep¬ 
resent the gut. However, cell division 
continues until various layers are 
formed, and a fish-like form of embryo 
results. About this time we find that 
the nervous system begins to develop. 
Some of the cells of the outer layer be¬ 
gin to rise and cover over others of this 
outer layer. Those which are internal 
of this outer layer become the adult in¬ 
dividual’s central nervous system, and 
later on the spine and brain. 

Also, if you could examine the embryo 


and Physiology 


133 


of this stage you would find gills de¬ 
veloping, just as you would find in a 
fish in the embryo. These gills only re¬ 
main for a short time, for, by the con¬ 
tinued process of cell division, they be¬ 
come adapted for other functions. The 
first gills become part of the jaw, the 
blood system supplying these gills also 
becomes adapted and one artery be¬ 
comes the aortic arch. 

Then an inter-circulation is developed 
between the mother and the embryo, or 
fetus. This inter-circulation is accom¬ 
plished by the development of a pla¬ 
centa, which is a spongy mass of tissue 
which develops in the uterus of the 
mother. From it passes an umbilical 
cord, which attaches the offspring by 
what in the fully formed child is known 
as the navel, and the umbilical cord is 
known as the navel string. Also around 
the embryo is developed a double bag 
which contains fluid. Thus the embryo 
is properly protected from bumps and 
bruises. 

The uterus expands, and the body of 
the mother adapts itself to the changes. 


134 


Sexual Anatomy 






2 . 


2 > 


Fig. 35. 






and Physiology 


135 


Explanation of Fig. 35. 

A represents a line cut through the 
blastula or sphere stage of the embryo 
of a mammal. The lower figure is the 
result. You will notice that as the cells 
continue to divide they cause the de¬ 
velopment of the fetus. 1 is the outer 
layer of cells, and 3 the inner cells, which 
on continued division will go to make 
up the organs of the body. 


136 


Sexual Anatomy 



6 


it 



Fig. 36. 














and Physiology 


137 


Explanation of Fig. 36. 

Diagrammatic section through the blas- 
tula. 1 is the development of the neural 
groove, which becomes the central nerv¬ 
ous system, or spine. It is noted that 
the cells from the outer layer begin to 
invaginate, and those from the side 
begin to envelop the neural cells. 9 rep¬ 
resents the primitive ceils which later 
on become the notochord, which, in a still 
later stage, becomes replaced by the 
backbone or spinal column. 


138 


Sexual Anatomy 


The limbs develop gradually and the 
body organs develop, until after ap¬ 
proximately nine months the child is 
ready to descend into the world. 

Other changes in the mother occur in 
the breasts. They become fuller, more 
sensitive, and prepare for their function 
of supplying nutrition for the child. 

Pregnancy must not be looked upon 
as a form of illness. A mother, by care 
and attention, may keep perfectly well; 
and, in fact, should be well and happy 
if her child is. to receive the best ad¬ 
vantage. About three weeks before de¬ 
livery a few labor pains may be ex¬ 
perienced, but these should not be seri¬ 
ous. 

A few days before delivery mucous 
fluid may pass from the body, and is an 
indication that delivery is near. This 
is caused by the mouth of the uterus 
opening and is an indication that labor 
is beginning. 

It depends, of course, to a very great 
degree how the mother has lived what 
sort of pains she will experience, but 
the average mother passes through the 


and Physiology 


139 


various stages where at first the pains 
are more or less indefinite, and are ex¬ 
perienced for short periods at a time. 
As time progresses towards delivery the 
pains become more acute and definite. 

Within a few hours of delivery the 
double bag enveloping the fetus will be 
ruptured and the mucous fluid will be¬ 
come more pronounced. The mother 
should hasten to bed with all precautions 
having been made and prepared for the 
final labor pains. These will be felt in 
relays and will become more and more 
pronounced until final delivery. 

There is no need at all for the mother 
to be frightened by the pains. In the 
normally healthy woman they may be 
withstood quite easily, but doctors are 
accustomed to hearing a lot of fuss made 
about these pains, and most of them 
base their calculations of the actual birth 
of the child upon the acuteness of the 
pains felt, but such is not a reliable 
method of procedure. 

The actual delivery of the child into 
the world is not such a terrible process 
as most people believe. Left to itself the 


140 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 37. 














and Physiology 


141 


Explanation of Fig. 37. 

Transverse section of fetus at later 
stage of development. A is the pre¬ 
liminary stage of the nervous system. 
G is the beginning of the formation of 
the cells which become the vertebral 
column. H is the preliminary alimen¬ 
tary canal. L is the body of the yolk 
sac. 


142 


Sexual. Anatomy 



Fig. 38. 









and Physiology 


143 


\ 


Explanation of Fig. 38. 

Longitudinal section of primitive 
fetus. The diagram shows the fetus be¬ 
ginning to become a separate body from 
the yolk sac. The head end is obvious 
and also the navel cord, neural canal, 
and primitive alimentary canal. 


144 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 39. 








and Physiology 


145 


Explanation of Fig. 39. 

Diagram of the developing embryo in 
the uterus. Gr is the general body of the 
uterus, C the small mass of the develop¬ 
ing embryo. B is the outer covering of 
the embryo. 


146 


Sexual Anatomy 


<3 



Fig. 40. 

















and Physiology 


147 


Explanation of Fig. 40. 

A diagram showing the developing 
embryo within the uterus with its sur¬ 
rounding membrane. 

H is the allantois. C is the amnion 
cavity. F is the villi of the chorion of 
embryo. E is the yolk sac of the em¬ 
bryo. D is the general cavity of the 
uterus. 


148 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 41. 













and Physiology 


149 


Explanation of Fig. 41. 

Transverse section of embryo and 
uterus at about the seventh or eighth 
week of pregnancy. The embryo is seen 
lying within the amnion connected by 
the umbilical cord attached to the 
chorion and the yolk sac. The upper A 
is the cavity of the uterus. Just above 
it are the Fallopian tubes which have 
been cut off. The lower A represents 
mucous which has closed the entrance or 
cervix of the uterus. 


150 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 42. 









and Physiology 


151 


Explanation of Fig. 42. 

Diagram chiefly to show the later 
stage in the development of the placenta 
for the nutrition of the embryo. The 
upper portion between A and A repre¬ 
sents the placenta. G is the cavity of 
the amnion which contains the fluid pro¬ 
tecting the embryo. D is all that re¬ 
mains of the yolk sac. B is a villus in 
the placenta. 



Fig. 43. 


















and Physiology 


153 


Explanation of Fig. 43. 

Diagram showing longitudinal section 
of the embryo in the nterns at the stage 
where the placenta is developed. The 
embryo is connected by the umbilical 
cord. It is seen how well protected is 
the embryo by the membrane which 
surrounds it. The connection of the pla¬ 
centa with the uterus is also shown. At 
the lower end of the uterus the vagina 
is shown. At the entrance to the uterus 
is seen the mucous which encloses the 
uterus during the pregnancy. 


154 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 44. 





and Physiology 


155 


Explanation of Fig. 44. 

Embryo at nine months after concep¬ 
tion and at the full stage of develop¬ 
ment, ready for birth. 


156 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 45. 








and Physiology 


157 


Explanation of Fig. 45. 

The first illustration shows the de¬ 
veloping ovum after fourteen days of 
growth. The second shows the embryo 
and the ovum after sixteen days. The 
third shows the ovum after three weeks 
of growth, while the fourth shows the 
embryo within the ovum after three 
weeks. 


158 


Sexual Anatomy 




Fig. 46. 


and Physiology 


159 


Explanation of Fig. 46. 

The first figure shows the developing 
embryo at six weeks. Ears and limbs 
are being formed and the umbilical cord 
is seen extending from the umbilicus. 
The lower figure represents the embryo 
at two months after conception, showing 
further development of the limbs, and 
also the umbilical cord. 


160 


Sexual Anatomy 










































and Physiology 


161 


Explanation of Fig. 47. 

The mucous membrane at the begin¬ 
ning of pregnancy. The lower figure 
shows the glands which secrete the mu¬ 
cous, and A and B show the orifices of 
the glands. In this way the embryo is 
supplied with its nourishment, and later 
on the placenta is formed. 


162 


Sexual Anatomy 


\ 



Fig. 48. 



and Physiology 


163 


Explanation of Pig. 48. 

Diagram of the placenta and umbili¬ 
cal cord. It is seen how the blood ves¬ 
sels converge from the whole area of the 
placenta to the umbilical cord, conveying 
their contents through this cord to the 
umbilicus of the embryo for nutrition. 


164 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 49. 


and Physiology 


165 


Explanation of Fig. 49. 

Diagram of the umbilical cord at a 
later stage of development. The um¬ 
bilical cord is large at an early stage, 
but as time goes on it becomes thinner, 
as the yolk sac disappears. It not infre¬ 
quently becomes knotty in a very pecu¬ 
liar way as shown here. 


166 Sexual Anatomy 

R. Com. Carotid 

L Com. Carotid 

R. SubciaVv 


# ' . ytiv&r _\ 

Superior Vena Cava - - 44— - d- |S§7 ' * .• Ji 

_ T / /Ml / / 

R. Auricle— 


Umbilical 

Vein 


^.1 Left 
Ventricle 

•— Right 
Ventricle 



-{••Inferior Vena Cava 
“Aorta 


Umbilicus- 


T'~ C. I liac 


—Ext. Iliac. 


Fig. 50. 






























and Physiology 


167 


Explanation of Fig. 50. 

Diagram of fetal blood circulation. 
There is quite an inter-circulatory blood 
system connecting the placenta and the 
fetus. The diagram is self-explanatory, 
and is well worth studying carefully. 


168 


Sexual Anatomy 


child will work its own way out into the 
world. This, of course, refers to the 
healthy mother. Where a corset has 
been worn, or the mother is fat, or 
where she is unhealthy in any way, in¬ 
conveniences not outlined here will be 
experienced. But these are matters for 
the physician, and need not be dealt 
with. Of course, it is taken for granted 
that a physician will be in charge of 
affairs from beginning to end, but it is 
useful to know exactly what to expect 
during the pregnancy and at delivery. 

The mother can help matters consid¬ 
erably by her own efforts to expel the 
offspring, and the physician should 
really only be there to see that every¬ 
thing takes place normally. - 

Immediatelv after birth the umbilical 
cord may be severed. At first it may be 
pulsating, showing the healthy inter- 
circulation of blood between the mother 
and the child. It is carefully tied up 
and bandaged. Usually the lungs are 
stirred to action by a little slapping, and 
the little baby will begin to cry and then 
fall off to sleep. 


and Physiology 


169 


Immediately the child is born the 
mother feels a sense of repose. What¬ 
ever may have been the mother’s 
thoughts earlier, she, now, by natural 
protection of herself and her child, ex¬ 
periences a wonderful exhilaration of 
love for her child, and of rest after the 
exhausting process of pregnancy. 

The placenta should be expelled and 
the mother should rest on her back until 
all the parts are receded to their normal 
positions. 

It is a very bad policy for the mother 

to endeavor to move about immediately 

after pregnancy. She should have from 

four to six weeks rest in bed. She mav 

* 

during this time practise a few exer¬ 
cises that will help to strengthen the 
muscles and make firm those portions of 
the body left flabby by the extreme 
stretching they have undergone during 
pregnancy. 

Then when she gets up, after five or 
six weeks, she should still be exceedingly 
careful. A little walking and deep 
breathing exercises should be performed 
by her regularly, and every care taken 


170 


Sexual Anatomy 




Fig. 51. 




and Physiology 


171 


Explanation of Fig. 51. 

Top figure represents a very early 
stage of the embryo, shortly after the 
ovum has been fertilized. At the top 
end is the actual spot where the fetus is 
beginning to develop. The whole inter¬ 
ior is occupied by yolk, which merely 
furnishes sustenance for the embryo. 

The lower figure represents a chick 
embryo thirty-six hours after incuba¬ 
tion, showing the development of the lay¬ 
ers from the germinal spot. 


172 


Sexual Anatomy 




Fig. 52 




















and Physiology 


173 


Explanation of Fig. 52. 

Diagram showing the development of 
the germinal layers in the ovum of a 
bitch. The center line represents what 
will become the central nervous system. 
The outside ragged looking tissue is the 
membrane by which the ovum is attached 
to the uterus. 


174 


Sexual Anatomy 



Fig. 53 













and Physiology 


175 


Explanation of Fig. 53. 

This shows a farther advanced stage 
in the development of the ovum of a 
bitch. At the head end further develop¬ 
ment is taking place and the central 
nervous system itself is thickening into 
what will become the brain, the cerebral 
portion of the spine. 


176 


Sexual Anatomy 



A 



Fig. 54. 


















































and Physiology 


177 


Explanation of Fig. 54. 

Top figure shows longitudinal section 
of hen’s egg. The center sphere is the 
yolk, with the germinal spot at the top. 
The yolk is attached to the north and 
south poles of the egg itself by mem¬ 
branes known as chalazae. 

The lower figure is diagrammatically 
drawn to represent the parts of the chick 
embryo. M is the primitive nervous 
system. H is the yolk. 


178 


Sexual Ax atomy 



Fig. 55 












and Physiology 


179 


Explanation of Fig. 55. 

Longitudinal section of embryo chick 
thirty-six hours after incubation. At 
die head end OP represent the primitive 
eyes. FB is the fore-brain. MB is the 
mid-brain. HB is the hind-brain. VPL 
is one of the vertebral plates that will 
form the vertebrae of the adult chick. 


180 


Sexual Anatomy 


to insure the muscular system regaining 
its normal condition once more. 


REPRODUCTION IS COMMON TO 
EVERY LIVING THING. 

In the lower forms of life reproduc¬ 
tion is accomplished by simple division 
of the unicellular organism into two in¬ 
dividuals, as has been shown in an ear¬ 
lier chapter, and is also apparent in 
the egg cell which represents the first 
stage of the human embryo in its de¬ 
velopment, In the higher organisms 
sex organs are developed, and other 
adaptations made for the production of 
young. In still higher animals the in¬ 
ternal sex apparatus makes adaptations 
for the nourishment and development of 
the young within the body of the mother. 

The commonest method of explaining 
the process of reproduction is by means 
of the plants. Plants have sex organs 
and reproduce in exactly the same man¬ 
ner as all other organisms. In the lower 
plants, which are composed of simply 
one cell, we find the division of one uni- 


182 


Sexual Anatomy 


cellular organism into two organisms. 
In the higher plants we find the adapta¬ 
tion I have just mentioned in regard to 
animals. 

It is exceedingly helpful in explaining 
the process of reproduction to take the 
plant as an example. In a nature study 
lesson a parent or teacher can show her 
child, not only the beauties and wonders 
of Nature, hut explain how the baby 
plants are formed from the parent 
plants. The pistil is the general body of 
the female part of the flower. It consists 
of three parts, the style, the part which 
projects upward, the stigma, which is 
really the upper portion of the style, 
and the ovary. 

It is in the ovary that the seeds are 
grown. 

The male part of the flower is on the 
stamen. At the head of the stamen is 
what is known as an anther. The anther 
develops the male element, or pollen, 
equivalent to the spermatozoa of ani¬ 
mals. 

Reproduction in the plants is accom¬ 
plished by the mixture of this pollen 


and Physiology 


183 


with ova from the ovaries, and it is ac¬ 
complished in various ways. The most 
common way is for an insect to crawl or 
fly from one plant to another, thus se¬ 
curing fertilization of one individual 
plant by another, by transferring pollen 
which it brushes off the flowers and 
which adheres to its body and is released 
on contact with the flowers. 

The embryological development of the 
plant is similar to that of the animal. 
First of all we have the egg cell, which 
is composed of one cell only. This di¬ 
vides into two—exactly as in the human 
being. These two cells divide into four, 
the four into eight, and so on until a 
cluster of cells, known as the blastula 
stage, is developed. This is also equiva¬ 
lent to the blastula stage in the human 
being. Also, as in the human being, one 
side of this blastula, or sphere of cells, 
becomes indented and a cup-like gas- 
trula is formed. Other processes of de¬ 
velopment take place and the plant 
shoots its way up out of the earth, keep¬ 
ing on with the cell division process ex¬ 
actly the same as in the animal, but 


184 


Sexual Anatomy 




Fig. 56. 


%« 





and Physiology 


185 


Explanation of Fig. 56. 

The top figure on the left illustrates 
a grain of pollen. Top on the right an 
ovule. The bottom illustration on the 
left is the pistil, which represents the 
female part of the flower. Bottom on 
the right illustrates the stamen, which 
is the male part of the flower, and the 
dots represent the pollen grains, the 
male fertilizing element. 


186 


Sexual Anatomy 




Fig. 57. 










































and Physiology 


187 


Explanation of Fig. 57. 

Various Types of Flower. 

The above marked “C” is a diagram 
of the cherry bloom. The lower one is 
of the hawtliorne. The cherry has but 
one pistil, whereas the hawthorne has 
three pistils. These variations in plants 
enable us to trace botanical evolution, 
and find that the development of life in 
plants is no different from that in ani¬ 
mals, including man. 


Sexual Anatomy 













and Physiology 


189 


Explanation of Fig. 58 . 

There is no doubt that the pistil has 
evolved from a leaf. At the top right 
hand side is a diagram of a leaf. On 
the left of it is the pistil in section. The 
pistil will be seen to be very much like a 
leaf folded, the hollow part inside form¬ 
ing the ovary. 

The lower figures represent the sta¬ 
men and show the analogy to the leaf. 
There is much more variation from the 
primitive form than in the case of the 
pistil. The head of the pistil especially 
is quite complex. The middle figure in 
the bottom row is the head of the stamen 
cut through, containing the grains of 
pollen. 


190 


Sexual Anatomy 








and Physiology 


191 


Explanation of Fig. 59. 

The top two illustrations are pistils 
of the larch cone. The first figure is the 
preliminary development, and the sec¬ 
ond figure represents the development 
of the seed. The upper part of this 
opens and the seeds are given off. 

The lower two diagrams represent 
the pistil of the stone-crop. On the 
right is the top of the pistil, and on the 
left is a section of the bottom part 
opened out, showing the part in which 
the ovules are developed. 


192 


Sexual. Anatomy 


shaping itself according to its hereditary 
characters. 

It is in the Springtime that the great 
Renaissance takes place. It is then that 
the bees buzz from flower to flower, 
bringing the male element toward the fe¬ 
male, and setting the whole countryside 
into blossom. The flower or blossom is 
really the sex apparatus of the plant, 
in all plants that blossom. Other plants 
have other methods, but this is the most 
common one. 


INTERNAL FEMALE SEXUAL 
APPARATUS. 


Extending inward from the external 
opening, the sexual canal is what is 
termed the vagina. This is a tube about 
three inches in length, and is lined by 
mucous membrane. 

The vagina terminates at the neck of 
the uterus. This is known as the cervix. 
It has a very small hole in the center 
which is continued in a channel into the 
body of the uterus. 

The uterus is somewhat pear-shaped, 
and is also lined with mucous mem¬ 
brane. Normally it is not so large as 
the clenched fist, but it is very elastic, 
and, as the fetus develops in size, so 
does the uterus expand. 

On each side at the top of the uterus 
is a tube which leads to an ovary. 
There are two ovaries, and the tubes 
leading to each are known as the 
oviducts. 


194 


Sexual Anatomy 


The ovary is composed of tissue cells, 
one of which ripens each month and 
forms the egg cell ready for fertiliza¬ 
tion, or to be passed out of the body un¬ 
fertilized. 

The vagina, although only three inches 
in length, is also capable of enlarge¬ 
ment; in fact the whole apparatus is 
springy and elastic, and so gives to the 
touch. 

Just to the front of the entrance to 
the vagina is the opening of the ureter. 
This is a duct leading from the bladder 
and empties it. 

Externallv there are the two labia 
major which are protective in function 
and serve as pads and covering to the 
internal apparatus. 

Just inside the labia major are the 
labia minora. These are smaller lips, 
and these labia minora may be said 
also to be protective, but are in addition 
more sensitive than the labia majora. 

Anterior to the entrance to the vagina 
is the clitoris. This is a small erectile 
body which plays a very important func¬ 
tion in being extremely sensitive. 


and Physiology 


195 


When no emotion or feelings are ex¬ 
perienced the clitoris is small and soft, 
but when the feelings are aroused the 
clitoris erects by means of a system of 
blood vessels which become tilled with 
blood (in just the same way as the nip¬ 
ple of the breast functions, and also the 
corpus spongiosum of the human male 
organ). 

As a matter of fact, the clitoris is the 
equivalent of the penis in the male. It 
is what we term in biology as homolog¬ 
ous. That means to say that it has de¬ 
veloped biologically from the same 
organ which was common to the human 
ancestor before it took on its present 
form and function. 

It is the clitoris which has an ex¬ 
tremely tine and sensitive nervous sys¬ 
tem, and is responsible in great measure 
for the added sensation in the sex act. 
It should therefore never be manipu¬ 
lated with the fingers or interfered with 
in any artificial manner. To do so is 
abuse and to be avoided. Moreover, 
artificial stimulation in this manner de¬ 
stroys the natural act, and robs it of its 


196 


Sexual Anatomy 


beneficial nature. In fact, artificial 
manipulation of the clitoris is respon¬ 
sible for a great deal of loss of power 
in women, and loss of emotion and na¬ 
tural response in the highest type of sex 
act. 

In the sex act the penis irritates the 
clitoris and helps to set up sensation. 

Along the sexual canal are several 
glands, which have ducts leading from 
them, and which secrete fluid chiefly for 
the purpose of lubrication. They are 
set into action not entirely by the act 
itself, but chiefly by the artifices of 
courtship preliminary to the act. 

In the act the seminal fluid is extruded 
into the vagina, just by the cervix of the 
uterus. Some of the fluid will find its 
way to the entrance of the uterus, and 
one of the spermatozoa may eventually 
reach the ovum and fertilize it. This 
takes place in the uterus, and immediate¬ 
ly the ovum is fertilized it attaches itself 
to the lining mebrane of the uterus, and 
begins its process of development. After 
it becomes larger the uterus expands, and 
the placenta develops, forming an inter- 


and Physiology 


197 


circulation between mother and child. 
Finally, as the time for the birth of the 
child approaches, the neck of the uterus 
will expand, and the whole of the sex 
channel will adapt itself for delivery of 
the child. 

I have tried to tell you as care¬ 
fully as possible the organs of the in¬ 
ternal female sexual apparatus and their 
functions. It is only your own sen¬ 
sitiveness to the subject and your own 
innate refinement that can interpret the 
sacredness of these organs. They are so 
fine, so delicate, so important, so re¬ 
sponsive to the conditions under which 
their possessor lives, that intense care 
must be taken at all time to keep them 
in good condition. 

As soon as the health begins to go 
down it is obvious in the monthly period, 
which is usually late or abnormal in the 
amount of discharge. Again, unnatural 
irritations are set up where the general 
health is not kept at its highest level. 
The only way to bear beautiful children 
is to keep the general health at its high¬ 
est state; and to keep the health at its 


198 


Sexual Anatomy 


highest state it is necessary to keep our 
thoughts clean, wholesome, sympathetic 
and true. 

Just think for a moment, and you will 
see how wonderful it is to be in posses¬ 
sion of such a marvelous apparatus, 
capable of producing the grandest work 
of Nature. It is necessary to realize 
that only when there is a sound under¬ 
standing of the functions of these or¬ 
gans and when the health is kept at its 
highest pitch, that it is possible to realize 
the true experiences of love. 

I have written so frequently about 
this matter that it may appear almost 
unnecessary for me to remark here that 
many a husband and wife have been 
estranged because they were unable 
to respond successfully, happily, and 
purely in the communion which makes 
them one. Instead of its being the 
means which enables the husband to 
repeat all the love sentences and ex¬ 
pressions which he feels for his wife, 
and for her to feel his protective love, 
kindness and companionship, the act 
becomes depraved to lust because there 


and Physiology 


199 


is no real experience of the complete 
act. 


TWINS. 


There is not the slightest doubt that 
man’s early ancestors gave birth to 
several children at one time. Cases 
occurring today where three or four 
children, and in some instances five 
or six children, have been born at the 
same confinement prove this. However, 
in view of the extreme complexity of the 
human being, it is to be expected that 
naturally only one child will be born at 
a time. The period of gestation is 
the longest of any organism, and ex¬ 
treme care is required during preg¬ 
nancy to insure the birth of a healthy 
child. 

The most frequent deviation from the 
usual birth of a single child is that of 
twins. Triplets may almost be said to 
be a form of reversion. 

There are two kinds of twins. In one 
kind two ova may be fertilzed, each de¬ 
veloping to a human child. In the other 


and Physiology 


201 


kind twins come from the same egg cell. 
It was shown in an earlier chapter how, 
when conception took place, and the 
ovum was fertilized by the spermato¬ 
zoon, the resulting egg cell immediately 
began a process of division. That is, 
the egg cell divided into two cells. In 
the usual course of procedure, these 
cells again reproduce, making four cells, 
and so on until a single human child de¬ 
velops. 

In the other form of twins, when the 
egg cells divide into two cells, each cell 
becomes independent and separated, so 
that each goes through a new process of 
of development similar, of course, to the 
usual one, and two offsprings result in¬ 
stead of one. 

It is verv easv to observe what kind 
any particular twins may belong to. 
In the first kind, where two different 
ova are fertilized, the twins have a large 
number of differences. But in the sec¬ 
ond kind where the twins are formed 
from a single egg cell the twins are ex¬ 
tremely similar. 

The kind of twins which results from 


/ 


202 Sexual Anatomy 

i 



Fig. 60. 



and Physiology 


203 


Explanation of Fig. 60. 

The birth of twins. Diagram of full 
stage of development in the uterus. 


204 


Sexual Anatomy 


the fertilization of a single ovum is by 
far the commonest. It throws more light 
on the subject of heredity. Some time 
ago the orthodox eugenists endeavored 
to show that the offspring was abso¬ 
lutely determined by what was present 
in the egg cell, and speculated that each 
piece of chromatin element had its pe¬ 
culiar characteristics, so that it deter¬ 
mined definitely what the adult would 
be. In fact, some biologists went so far 
as to declare that they could observe in 
the egg cells of animals and plants dis¬ 
tinct partitions or bags for each chroma¬ 
tin body, and they looked forward to the 
time when they could determine which 
particular one should form a particular 
character in the adult individual. 

An experiment made on the embryo of 
a frog demonstrated the error of those 
observations and thinking. This ex¬ 
periment demonstrated that an organ¬ 
ism is a unity, and that the egg cell was 
a definite organism representing the 
unicellular ancestor. It is only that this 
egg cell contains potentially all the 
characters which go to make up the adult 


and Physiology 


205 


individual, but that those potentialities 
were common to the cell as a unity, and 
not attributable to any parts as sep¬ 
arate entities. 

Thus an egg cell of a common frog 
was taken and two divisions allowed to 
develop; which means to say that the 
egg cell had divided into four cells. The 
embryo was then cut into two pieces, 
composed of two cells each. One of 
these pieces was put into a centrifuge 
and whirled around, until all the parts 
were evenly distributed throughout the 
piece. Development was then encouraged 
and a complete frog was hatched out 
finally. The other piece was encouraged 
to develop, and the result was that only 
one half of the frog began to grow. 

According to the teaching of the sep¬ 
aratists, it ought to have been impos¬ 
sible to develop anything but half a frog 
from the piece which was whirled 
around in the centrifuge, but, as I have 
explained, all the characters were de¬ 
veloped, which means to say that after 
the division had taken place in the egg 
cell, each cell still contained potentially 


206 


Sexual Anatomy 


all the characteristics of the adult in¬ 
dividual offspring. 

In the twin resulting from one egg cell 
the same is also true, for, on the first 
division of the egg cell, instead of half 
the characteristics of the individual 
being in one cell and half in the other, 
separation in the form of twins results 
in development of all the characteristics 
of the parent, and, naturally, the twins 
resemble each other very closely. 


HERMAPHRODITES. 


There is no such thing as a human 
hermaphrodite. To he hermaphrodite 
an organism would have to possess both 
male and female organs. No human 
being has yet been discovered containing 
both these sets of organs. 

What are commonly termed her¬ 
maphrodites in human beings consist of 
individuals who are neither male nor fe¬ 
males in entirety. It has been known 
that some human beings with external 
male organs have had internal female 
organs, and vice versa. 

An hermaphrodite would be able to 
fertilize itself if necessary. It would 
have the power of fertilizing another in¬ 
dividual human being. It would also 
have the power of being fertilized by 
another human being. 

So, when people tell you about human 
hermaphrodites you will understand 
what they mean, and know that there is 


208 


Sexual Anatomy 


no such thing as human hermaphrodism. 

The worm is a good example of an 
hermaphrodite. It contains both male 
and female sex apparatus. It can both 
fertilize and receive fertilization for the 
reproduction within its own body. 

In copulation two worms lie apposed 
and fertilize each other. 

There are a few fishes which are her¬ 
maphrodite, but it is uncommon even 
among fishes. 


MENSTRUATION. 


As soon as a female human being 
reaches puberty a discharge of mucous 
and blood occurs regularly once every 
twenty-eight days. This menstrual dis¬ 
charge is not the exit of the mature 
ovum, for that usually leaves the body 
some time after the menstrual discharge 
has ceased. There is no doubt, however, 
that it is due to the continual habit of 
the body to build up tissue for the off¬ 
spring, and if the offspring is not forth¬ 
coming, that means to say, if the ovum 
is not fertilized, this tissue will pass out 
of the body. 

It seems a very wasteful process of 
Nature to manufacture these products 
while they are not being used, but we 
must remember that man has evolved 
from the animal, and that the normal 
condition of the female, prior to civili¬ 
zation, was a state of constant preg¬ 
nancy. No sooner had one child been 


210 


Sexual Anatomy 


born than another was being conceived. 

Thus it was necessary for those prod¬ 
ucts to be manufactured in the female, 
and it is merely a relief and release that 
these should be discharged from the 
body if fertilization has not taken place. 

But Nature is always wasteful. It 
has to be wasteful in order to keep 
beings alive. There are millions of 
spermatozoa produced every month, and 
in the lifetime of the average man it is 
only one in several million that is used. 

Menstruation is an objectionable 
function, but it need not be an illness, 
nor need it inconvenience a healthy 
woman. Irregularities, pains, hysteria 
and nervous prostration associated with 
it are pathological, and may be remedied 
by building up the general bodily health. 

Civilization is responsible mainly for 
the pathological conditions in menstru¬ 
ation. The average woman deforms her 
organs, pushes them out of place by cor¬ 
sets, goes without exercises, and causes 
a certain amount of prolapsus and gen¬ 
eral body toxaemia. Civilized foods also 
do a considerable amount of damage by 


and Physiology 


211 


making the blood toxic generally and 
lessening its normal alkalinity, destroy¬ 
ing the efficiency of functions. 

The menstrual products undoubtedly 
are those for supply of the placenta and 
fetus. It is quite a normal func¬ 
tioning and should occasion no incon¬ 
venience in a woman leading a healthy 
and normal life. 


THE PLACENTA. 


Nutrition of the fetus is accom¬ 
plished by means of what is called the 
placenta, the popular name for which 
is the ‘ ‘ after-birth. ’ ’ It is a spongy, 
vascular mass of tissue which forms in 
the uterus, and is attached on one side 
to the embryo by the umbilical cord, 
which attaches at the navel of the in¬ 
fant. On the other side it is attached to 
the uterus of the mother. 

There is a blood circulation, therefore, 
between mother and child, hut it con¬ 
sists of two systems: 1, inter-circulation 
between mother and placenta; 2, inter- 
circulation between placenta and child. 
The first system is situated between 
the placenta and the uterus, while the 
second system is situated between the 
placenta and the umbilicus of the in¬ 
fant. 

After the child is horn the placenta 
comes away from the mother with the 


and Physiology 


213 


umbilical string and the umbilical string 
is detached from the child by the at¬ 
tending physician. 


HOW THE EMBRYO IS 
PROTECTED. 


Surrounding the embryo in the uterus 
are two membranes. The first is known 
as the chorion. It is immediately next 
to the wall of the uterus. That is, it is 
external to the foetus. The inner one is 
known as the amnion. This consists of 
a double bag enveloping the entire 
foetus and extending down the umbili¬ 
cus. It is really like a double bag con¬ 
taining a colorless or slightly milky 
fluid, so that the embryo is perfectly 
protected from jars or knocks. It de¬ 
velops as the embryo grows, and the 
quantity of fluid may vary from one to 
four pints. This fluid is discharged 
just defore delivery of the child, and is 
a sign that delivery is imminent. It 
also allows more room for the child to 
work its way out into the world. 


THE PROSTATE GLAND. 

Situated where the urethra leaves 
the bladder in the male is a gland about 
one inch in diameter, known as the pros¬ 
tate gland. It secretes the prostatic 
fluid, which is of milky appearance and 
serves to lubricate the spermatozoa. 

Abuse of the sex functions puts this 
gland out of order, irritation sets up in 
it, and a great deal of sexual inconven¬ 
ience caused. Wrong methods of liv¬ 
ing may result in concretions being de¬ 
veloped in the prostate gland, thus set¬ 
ting up irritation of the sexual nerves, 
and causing sex feelings without any 
ability of their being satisfied. Many 
men of very high moral character have 
been oppressed by irritations of this 
gland in the manner described here, and 
fallen from the path of rectitude merely 
because of the physiological inconven¬ 
iences and aggravations set up. 

The way to keep the prostate gland in 


216 


Sexual Anatomy 


good order is to live a clean, moderate 
life. Eat wisely, avoiding bad food 
combinations and an overabundance of 
proteins and starches. 


COWPER’S GLANDS. 


Further down the urethra there are 
two small yellowish bodies about one- 
quarter of an inch in diameter which 
are known as Cowper’s glands. Each 
has a little tube leading from it about 
an inch in length so as to conduct the 
secretions of the glands to the urethra. 

They are active and of full size while 
the sexual powers are at their height. 
They diminish in size as the sexual pow¬ 
ers are lost and as age advances. 


THE HYMEN. 


At the entrance to the vagina in the 
female is a thin membrane which 
stretches across. It has a small opening 
in the center. It is known in lay circles 
as “the maidenhead, ’ ’ for its un- 
rnptnred condition is proof of virginity. 

It is supplied with a few capillaries, 
and these, on the first occasion of coitus, 
may be ruptured and cause a slight 
hemorrhage. 

It is, however, a mistake to think that 
the hemorrhage alone is proof of virgin¬ 
ity. In some women the hymen is readi¬ 
ly stretched and may he ruptured with¬ 
out any sign of hemorrhage. Many cases 
of unhappiness have been caused where 
newly married husbands have not found 
the expected hemorrhage. So it is well 
to bear in mind that hemorrhage does 
not always accompany first coitus. 


BARTHOLIME’S GLANDS. 


At the beginning of the vagina are 
two small bodies, oblong in shape, which 
are homologous with the Cowper’s 
glands in the male, and are known as 
Bartholine’s Glands. They supply a 
mucous to the vagina in the same way 
as Cowper’s glands supply mucous to 
the urethra. Each gland has a long 
duct for this purpose. They are ap¬ 
proximately of the same color as Cow- 
per’s glands, possibly of a little more 
reddish appearance. 


HEREDITY. 


All theories of eugenics rest upon the 
facts of heredity. It is only recently 
that many of these facts have been 
known. Of course, many more are still 
being discovered and yet to be discov¬ 
ered. But even the facts of heredity 
may be interpreted by different think¬ 
ers in different ways, so that theories of 
eugenics may differ on account of these 
differences in interpretation. 

The most recent discoveries in the 
facts of heredity are not taken into ac¬ 
count by most of the students of eugen¬ 
ics. Eugenists usually confine them¬ 
selves to economics, and only a smatter¬ 
ing of biology; at any rate, of biological 
heredity. Eugenists in the past have 
contented themselves with mere knowl¬ 
edge of the Mendelian doctrine, and 
have omitted entirely from their calcu¬ 
lations the recent experiments of Weiss- 
mann, De Vries, Bateson and others. 


and Physiology 


221 


The consequence is that the orthodox 
eugenist believes that it is only by a 
process of parental selection that hu¬ 
man ills and weaknesses can be stamped 
out. 

The research of these more recent 
biologists has proved that heredity is 
no hard and fast thing which is unalter¬ 
able in any individual. It has proved 
beyond doubt that careful training of 
the individual has a tremenduous lot to 
do with the nature and growth of that 
individual. It has shown that valuable 
tendencies may be ruined by lack of 
scope for development. 

This is the true knowledge on which 
our education and eugenic theories 
should be based today. In addition to 
the foregoing we must also remember 
that many of the diseases and weak¬ 
nesses which are deemed by orthodox 
eugenists to be absolute heredity quali¬ 
ties, and, therefore, incurable diseases, 
can be stamped out by modern natural 
curative methods. The fault lies with 
the inefficiency of modern medical ideas, 
and a man with medical training, if he 


222 


Sexual Anatomy 


shuts himself off from the experiences 
of unorthodox workers and thinkers, 
prohibits himself from a balanced un¬ 
derstanding of these things. In the same . 
way students of eugenics gain false ideas 
and aim at false ambitions. It is a fool¬ 
ish ambition to seek to eradicate tuber¬ 
culosis, for instance, by merely restrict¬ 
ing the breeding of individuals suffer¬ 
ing from tuberculosis; for tuberculosis 
is a curable disease, in its early stages, 
and the children of tubercular people 
need never develop tuberculosis, if con¬ 
ditions and upbringing are favorable to 
good health. The same applies in re¬ 
gard to epilepsy, which is a favorite 
complaint that the eugenist seeks to 
obliterate by selective breeding. 

The first fact of heredity is that like 
produces like. For instance, rabbits al¬ 
ways reproduce rabbits; cats always 
give birth to kittens, and so on. You 
would not expect your dog, for instance, 
to give birth to a cow. Heredity, then, 
means the continuation of qualities in 
the offspring known to be present in the 
parent. 


and Physiology 


223 


This fact is applicable up to a certain 
point. For the very second fact we 
observe is that every offspring differs 
from its parent. In scientific words, 
every offspring varies. 

It is obvious, then, that there is scope, 
because of this law of variation, for de¬ 
velopment. An offspring is like its parent 
only to a certain degree, and in gen¬ 
eral characteristics. What determines 
the variation is the fact that no two 
things in Nature are alike, and also the 
germ plasm is influenced in the parent 
by his surroundings, his acts and the 
use to which he puts his own hereditary 
characters. 

When Charles Darwin, in 1859, pub¬ 
lished his “Origin of Species,’’ he sub¬ 
stantiated his claims in regard to the 
development of organisms as they exist 
today from lower or less complex forms, 
by breeding pigeons and securing a won¬ 
derfully varied number of types of 
pigeons. He also pointed out that de¬ 
velopment had taken place the same way 
in Nature. There is not the slightest 
doubt of the fact that organisms as they 


224 


Sexual Anatomy 


exist today have evolved from lower 
forms of life. But in order to explain 
this Darwin speculated that all these 
characters which may be developed in an 
individual may be passed on by heredity. 
This means to say that “acquired char¬ 
acters are hereditary. ’ ’ This theory 
as to the “inheritance of acquired char¬ 
acters’ ? was not at all necessary to the 
Darwinian doctrine, and Darwin’s es¬ 
tablishment of the Evolution of the 
Species doctrine, but it was a satisfac¬ 
tory speculation, for the time being, 
which served to explain the phenomenon 
of evolution. 

Weissman, the great biologist, set to 
work to disprove Darwin’s speculation, 
and succeeded. However, Weissmann’s 
followers were carried away with his 
early experiments, which tended to show 
that an acquired character could under 
no circumstances he inherited, and they 
went much farther than Weissmann 
did himself. Even orthodox eugenists 
today misuse Weissmann’s research 
as to the non-inheritance of acquired 
characters, and their impossibility of 


and Physiology 


225 


any influence on the germ plasm. 

After some years, Weissmann modi¬ 
fied his views, and came to the conclu¬ 
sion that, although it is not true that 
characters acquired by an individual are 
inevitably passed on to the offspring, 
yet the surroundings and accomplish¬ 
ments of the individual do have a 
definite effect upon the offspring and 
cause some variation. 

This is an established fact which has 
lately been discovered by modern biolog¬ 
ists; so that a correct statement of the 
meaning of heredity is now: a repro¬ 
duction of the inborn characters of the 
parent with tendencies towards develop¬ 
ment of characters acquired by the 
parent, with the possibility of a modifi¬ 
cation of the inborn qualities in the off¬ 
spring by the environment and con¬ 
ditions of living of the offspring. 

It would be very well to bear this in 
mind in all problems of biological, 
economic, pathological or sociological 
study. It is the latest interpretation of 
scientific discovery, and unbiased by any 
orthodox university teaching; although 


226 


Sexual Anatomy 


it is accepted by the leading scientists of 
today. 

So when you keep your health up to 
one hundred per cent efficiency you give 
your child a maximum start of inherit¬ 
ing good health. If you neglect your 
health, your talents, your abilities, you 
will handicap your child to a certain de¬ 
gree. Again, if your parents did not pass 
on to you the maximum of virtue, your 
endeavors to live rightly, in accordance 
with the simple, acknowledged rules of 
health, will give you every opportunity 
to pass through life normally, healthy 
and efficient. 

Even psychological influences may 
register themselves in the offspring; at 
the moment of conception parents may 
handicap their children with licentious 
thoughts, or imbue them with love. 

I am quite aware that the ordinary 
scientist will omit psychological pre¬ 
natal influences, because of his inability 
to place his finger on a material sub¬ 
stance that can be said definitely to ex¬ 
hibit psychological influences; but he 
must remember that thought is an at- 


and Physiology 


227 


tribute of the brain, and the brain can 
be shown definitely to exhibit variations 
in accordance with correlated influences 
on the germ plasm. 

It is essential for all students of 
sociology, economics and education to 
understand the power of psychological 
influences. Today, we see around us 
hundreds and thousands of mediocre 
men and women who are the result of 
chance conception, often resulting from 
a fleshly indulgence. The time is coming 
when men and women will have control 
of their bodies, when children will be 
desired before they are conceived, when 
the psychological qualities for the bet¬ 
terment of the future generation are 
handed down to children, as well as 
good, healthy physiques. Today, ignor¬ 
ance in regard to the scientific methods 
for controlling conception prevents this, 
but the light grows more bright, and 
through love, and knowledge of nature 
in regard to the control of conception 
and sex, will a true social system with 
happiness come about. 

The fact, however, remains that an 


228 


Sexual Anatomy 


acquired character in an individual is 
not passed on in its entirety to the off¬ 
spring. 

For instance, you may develop your 
right arm, so that your biceps muscle is 
twice as big as your left biceps muscle. 
This may be said to be an acquired char¬ 
acteristic, but the acquired character¬ 
istic, namely, the huge right biceps 
muscle, need by no means appear in 
your offspring. 

At the same time this does not pre¬ 
clude the fact that your development of 
the right biceps muscle has some definite 
influence upon the germ plasm in respect 
to the size of it in the offspring. Stu¬ 
dents of eugenics and heredity should 
always keep a balanced view of heredity 
in mind. They must understand that 
the characters that have been developed 
as a result of the struggle for existence 
lasting millions of years, are more 
dominant than those that have just been 
developed for a few years in the in¬ 
dividual parents. But this merely 
proves that all life is one; that the off¬ 
spring is not merely the son or daughter 


and Physiology 


229 


of the parent, but a continuation of the 
whole line of human life; that the brain 
he possesses has been passed on to him 
as a result of struggle, and the posses¬ 
sion of a brain by hundreds, nay, thous¬ 
ands of ancestors before him. He, in 
turn, possesses the same human brain, 
except that it is reproduced. He pos¬ 
sesses a brain because his parents had 
a brain, because they inherited a brain 
from their parents, and so on. 

The mistake, however, is to imagine 
that this brain’s capacity is governed 
entirely by the parent, and that what 
was apparent in the parent only is ca¬ 
pable of development in the offspring. 
It absolutely depends upon the use 
that this brain is put to by the offspring 
what will be made of it. But it is ab¬ 
solutely demonstrated that a child may 
be trained to become accomplished in 
some art or profession, or his talents 
may be retarded in their development 
so that the offspring becomes an im¬ 
becile. 

We breed too many imbeciles today 
because we do not understand the 


230 


Sexual Anatomy 


way to develop the human brain, be¬ 
cause we do not take the child from its 
cradle and promote the use of the brain. 

Or, it may be, that we feed the child 
badly or allow its blood to be contami¬ 
nated with vaccination virus, anti-toxin, 
and other rubbish that makes the blood 
filthy. Then the child develops rickets, 
or epilepsy, or perhaps consumption, or 
any disease to which it may have a pre¬ 
disposition, because of its lowered vital¬ 
ity, and then we look to heredity, if we 
are eugenists, for the final answer as to 
what the child ought to become. 

What we ought to understand, and 
what human beings will begin to under¬ 
stand when they master a balanced view 
of the scientific findings of research, is 
that a healthy, correct nurture can en¬ 
sure a healthy and normal human being. 
Even where predisposition to diseases 
may be traced there is still the ability 
on the part of that individual offspring 
to overcome the dangers of that predis¬ 
position. 

Many people get mixed up in regard 
to the matter of hereditary diseases. 


and Physiology 


231 


Sometimes you will hear a person say 
that so and so suffers from tuberculosis, 
and that the disease is hereditary. That 
means to say that the parents suffered 
from tuberculosis, therefore, it is only 
to he expected that the child would de¬ 
velop tuberculosis. 

Orthodox scientists were rather upset 
over this matter of hereditary diseases, 
because while they thought to show that 
diseases are hereditary, they also had 
speculated a germ theory, which says 
that each disease is caused by a particu¬ 
lar germ. Well, now, let us take tuber¬ 
culosis, as the “hereditary” disease. If 
tuberculosis were an hereditary disease, 
there is only one thing that could pos¬ 
sibly happen. That is, you would find 
the tubercular germ in the egg cells 
which result from conception. Now, it 
is absolutely and conclusively proved, 
and not only proved, it is an undeniable 
a priori fact that no germ could pos¬ 
sibly exist in the chromatin which goes 
to make up the new individual. This 
was recognized by the biologists and 
scientists, so that the conclusion was 


232 


Sexual Anatomy 


definitely arrived at that no disease 
could possibly be hereditary because no 
germ could possibly live in so small a 
space as a chromosome. 

So the scientific statement of here¬ 
ditary predisposition of disease re¬ 
mains as follows: no disease is here¬ 
ditary, hut that an offspring of a dis¬ 
eased parent will have a predisposition 
to that disease. This means that the 
liability of the offspring to catch the dis¬ 
ease is one hundred per cent where the 
conditions favorable to the development 
of the disease are encountered during 
the offspring’s life. 

This is an accurate statement of 
hereditary predisposition to disease, 
and it would he well for eugenists and 
orthodox scientists to notice that it is 
only where the conditions are favorable 
to the development of the disease that 
such disease will afflict the offspring. 

Thus, in our example of an offspring 
with a predisposition to tuberculosis, 
the eugenist will say that tuberculosis 
will appear in the offspring, but the 
biological statement does not say so. 


and Physiology 


233 


It says that only tvliere this offspring 
encounters conditions favorable to the 
development of tuberculosis will the 
tuberculosis develop. But, again, ortho¬ 
dox scientists err in their reasoning, for 
they will insist that tuberculosis is 
caused by the tubercle bacillus, which 
is sometimes found in the lungs of pa¬ 
tients suffering from tuberculosis. As 
the chances of any individual coming 
into contact with the tubercule bacillus 
is about one hundred per cent, again the 
orthodox eugenists will say that an 
hereditary predisposition to tubercu¬ 
losis, or any other disease, means a one 
hundred per cent chance of developing 
tuberculosis, or the other disease, in the 
offspring. 

But such is not the case. In the first 
place, the germ theory is not accepted 
generallv. It is merelv a makeshift for 
those who still adhere to methods of 
drugging and anti-toxins. 

In the case of tuberculosis, for in¬ 
stance, Professor Greene, the eminent 
medical professor, in his text hook for 
students, speaks of tuberculosis as being 


234 


Sexual Anatomy 


caused by the tubercle bacillus, and yet, 
later, he actually says that the tubercle 
bacillus need not be present in a case of 
tuberculosis, and often is not present 
until a late stage of the disease, and also 
in other cases of tuberculosis the tuber¬ 
cle bacillus need never appear at all. 

It must be obvious to any clear thinker 
that if the tubercle bacillus is the cause 
of tuberculosis it must be present from 
the very beginning. But even according 
to Professor Greene, the cause, the 
tubercle bacillus, is not there from the 
beginning. 

As a matter of fact, tuberculosis, like 
many other diseases, is set up by civili¬ 
zation. It is caused chiefly by eating 
civilized foods which have been robbed 
of their life elements by various civil¬ 
ized devices. (See my book on “Correct 
and Corrective Eating.”) 

One of the favorite diseases that the 
orthodox eugenist deals with in order to 
show the necessity for practicing par¬ 
ental selection, is epilepsy. Epilepsy is 
a disease of civilization, just the same 
as is tuberculosis, and I have seen cases 


and Physiology 


235 


of epilepsy cured by avoiding the dan¬ 
gers of civilized eating, and by resorting 
to methods of living which enabled the 
patient to secure all the vital elements 
contained in food in its natural condi¬ 
tion. 

These facts ought to be taken into 
consideration by all biologists, but they 
are not. Nor have they been taken into 
consideration in any text book dealing 
with heredity. Such a great thinker as 
Havelock Ellis has been led astray with 
regard to the inheritance of disease. 
Forel, the great French physician, who 
has contributed enormous work to scien¬ 
tific knowledge, seeks to eradicate 
epilepsy by parental selection only, and 
does not know that it is curable by avoid¬ 
ing the dangers of civilized nurture. 

For the purpose of this work it is 
sufficient to remember that the offspring 
is an actual part of the parent; that it 
is a continuation of the parent; that the 
offspring inherits all the characteristics 
of the parents, and that it is every pa¬ 
rent’s duty to convey to the offspring 


236 


Sexual Anatomy 


the very best of which he or she is ca¬ 
pable. 


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SEX INFORMATION 

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Lot#. 

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Male Organs. 

Female Organs. 


The Correct Use of 
the Sex. 

The Ovum. 

The Spermatozoon. 

The Origin of Altruism. 
The Urinogenital System. 
Why Two Sexes? 

Sexual Selection. 
Heredity. 

Cell Development and 
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Recapitulation. 

The Secret of Human 
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